OCENIC - A Homoeopathic Repertorization Center

Case Taking with Homoeopathic Facial Analysis - - Grant Bentley

2009-03-09T17:28:00.000-07:00

Case Taking with Homoeopathic Facial Analysis

- Grant Bentley

ND Dip Hom Grad Dip Psych. Th Prof Memb AHA AROH reg ATMS ANPA

- The argument between the academic and the practical

- Different roads leading to the one place?

- Being ideologically promiscuous

- Homœopathic Facial Analysis (HFA) – strong and unchanging

- The two modalities that exist in every chronic disease

- The mentals – not the key to unlocking the remedy

- Generals – more discriminating than mentals

- Physical form is unique – the human condition is not

- 90% of valid information is non verbal

- The body is a vault that keeps past memories alive

- Nature has our best interests at heart

- Our facial features have molded into a design most beneficial for our individual needs

A former patient of mine who has studied homoeopathy for more than twenty years, described HFA as the most usable system she has ever known because of its straight forward simplicity.

In any walk of life, professional or technical, there is an age old argument between those who are practical and those who are academic, and in homoeopathy it is no different. Accountants often disagree with economists, while builders shake their heads as they look at the drawings of the architect. There has always been a difference between theorists and those at the coalface. My patient was stating that HFA is coalface homoeopathy. It is designed for the clinic because it comes from the clinic and its membership is dominated by working practitioners whose bottom line is ease and reproducible results.

This does not mean theory is irrelevant, but the argument about whether it is practical, is too important to be overlooked. During a discussion I once had with an Osteopath who also studied homoeopathy, he mentioned how there were so many theories in homoeopathy by comparison to other modalities. I replied, 'Wouldn't that be a good thing? After all doesn't this show a thinking profession?' His reply was 'No, it shows a profession that has too much time on its hands!'

The problem for him when it came to homoeopathy was not the system itself, but the multitude of competing theories that kept emerging in reference to practice. Most disturbing is how many different theories are adopted by practitioners, as if they are interchangeable and saying the same thing. Some of these theories have entirely different opinions on miasms, remedies and even pathology. Some do not focus on miasms at all while for others they are the central core. Some have different ways of prescribing, different modes of delivering the remedy, different potency scales and different ways of taking a case, yet they are all being viewed by some practitioners as if they are different roads leading to the one place.

Many homoeopaths act in a manner that is ideologically promiscuous, sacrificing quantity for quality in a search to repeat the rush that comes from being 'amazed'. Promiscuity never delivers the comfort and depth we instinctively crave. Promiscuity is a short term fix to an insatiable need for stimulation. But a constant need for stimulation comes from a lack of sustainable fulfillment. This is the difference between eating porridge and chocolate. People don't crave what is nourishing and satisfying because satisfaction is the opposite of craving. Cravings occur when satisfaction is momentary but unsustaining, which causes our desire for more.

Regardless of whether it is food, drugs or knowledge, jumping from one to another is neither healthy nor productive. It is not professional development that is in question, but the search for the thrill that comes from 'insight' which can be addictive and even dangerous. It is addictive in the way any thrill is addictive, because it leaves you wanting more. This makes some research authors feel pressured into churning out 'discoveries' because of public demand. It also often makes continuous or annual discoveries look suspicious to other researchers, who know how much time it takes to research a project thoroughly. Theories that come out annually will be judged rightly or wrongly as more concerned with supply and demand, than advancing real understanding. This is a practical reality of life; supply and demand drives everything, including homoeopathy, but the problem as always is that anything mass produced often sacrifices quality for quantity.

HFA is not a market driven system, because once you know it – you know it. The system itself has remained virtually unchanged since its conception, which shows the strength of its foundation. While the philosophy continues to evolve and expand, getting progressively deeper yet simpler at the same time, (see Appearance and Circumstance and Soul & Survival) the process of applying HFA in the clinic remains fundamentally strong and unchanging.

When a patient enters my clinic, there is nothing to differentiate the HFA system from standard classical homoeopathy. In the beginning the consultation centres around the patient's presenting complaint, examining the type of pain they experience including times, aggravations and other factors. Once this has concluded, the consultation extends into the patient’s life story. Generally this takes place easily and naturally because it is rare for any chronic disease not to have two primary modalities. The first modality is that the patient and their symptoms are worse when they are tired. The second modality is that the patient and their symptoms are worse when they are stressed.

While these two modalities seem obvious, the ramifications that come from understanding why they exist in every case of chronic disease is so broad they change homoeopathic philosophy completely, and yet still we ignore them.

Stars exist in the night sky; they are obvious and have always existed. As a result we don't pay them much attention and treat their existence with the contempt that comes from familiarity. Chronic disease with the modalities - worse when tired or stressed, is in the same position as the stars in the sky. Stars are not just little lights that twinkle when it gets dark, they are nuclear powerhouses that drive the material universe, and by understanding stars we can understand the origins and make-up of how life began. Accepting “worse when tired or stressed” without thinking, is the same as seeing the stars but not understanding their significance. Understanding why every chronic disease is worse when the patient is tired or stressed has the potential to reform homoeopathic philosophy and create the next leap forward - but it is must be properly understood. (See Soul & Survival for more about personal energy). This is the first big difference between HFA and contemporary homoeopathy.

Once a patient understands the link between personal energy levels and disease, it is easy to take them to the next step and review the impacts life has had by discussing their personal history. This is the second major difference between HFA and other contemporary methods. Contemporary homœopathy uses life stories to find the inner core of the patient. For some it is an attempt by the practitioner to uncover a subtlety to distinguish one remedy from another, a necessary process for those who practice 'personalised drug picture' type prescribing. In another approach, life stories are used as a way of getting the patient to delve into their pain until they reach the point of a primal scream and open themselves up to an epiphany. This approach is psychoanalysis dressed in a new suit. The process is not unsound, but psychological medicine was forced to drop this technique in favour of more practically based methods, because the process took far too much time and results were simply not proportional to effort. In HFA however, life stories are used as a way of ascertaining stress, exhaustion and repeating circumstances. Biographies sometimes yield good rubrics but not always, which is why in Homoeopathic Facial Analysis the mentals are not regarded as the key to unlocking the remedy.

Life themes are repeating patterns and HFA practitioners take them literally without interpretation. For example, if a patient came from an alcoholic background and made the decision that they themselves would never drink because of the damage they had seen alcohol do, but their partner or child drinks more than they should, then alcohol becomes a rubric because it is a repeating life theme. I do not ask how they feel about alcohol or what physical sensation it causes, I just accept the impact this substance has made and note it as an influential stress.

Some may find it unusual at this time to go against the tide of mental’s prescribing. Most current methods attempt to come up with ways of precision focusing on feelings or beliefs. HFA is the opposite and this is its third major point of difference. To describe why the mentals are not as discriminating as generals is a book in itself, but physical form is unique where as the human condition is not. The aspirations desires and needs of most human beings are similar and therefore not distinct, and certainly not as individual as a physical feature like fingerprints.

The theory has always been that mind and soul forms physical form but I am not so sure that is true. Other people's attitudes, attractions, opinions, repulsions, suspicions, friendliness, openness and sexual desire are driven by how we look, and what feelings our looks evoke in them. This in turn shapes how we view the world because of the people and attitudes that have come our way. A sexually vulnerable looking woman like Marilyn Monroe will have different experiences and beliefs about human nature than a woman whose looks are stronger, and as a result has not shared the experiences caused by having those looks. Men will act differently around these two women because of the feelings each create. Not everyone acts in the same way to the same person because looks interplay with life experience bringing forth different reactions depending on personal history. In one man, a woman's vulnerability may bring out a predatory side, while in another that same vulnerability can make some males protective or even paternal.

Experts agree that 90% of communication is non-verbal. One study at UCLA indicated that up to 93% of communication effectiveness is determined by nonverbal cues. So why are homoeopaths not using or embracing such vital information, particularly when clinical effectiveness is totally dependent on gathering the facts? The reality is that up until now it has been impossible because we didn't have the right tools, but with Homoeopathic Facial Analysis there is now an effective way of gaining this vital information. The reason we need to dig and delve to look into the labyrinth of the unconscious mind, is because we are only getting ten percent or less of the information we need, the rest is hidden in our body. Ninety percent of the facts are missing because they cannot be verbally acquired, regardless of intellectual promises to the contrary. Homoeopathic Facial Analysis solves this problem, because it is the only available homoeopathic system designed to read facial structure in a clinical and exclusively homoeopathic way. This is one of the reasons why its success rates are so high.

The body expresses more than pain. It is a vault that keeps the memories of the past alive to be used in the present when necessary. That is the purpose of evolution, to adapt to the constant stresses of the past so the present has a better chance of survival. But what homoeopathic system caters to this jewel of nature apart from Homoeopathic Facial Analysis? – None. Chronic disease is hardly ever a disease in the infectious sense of the word. There is no asthma virus or cancer germ because chronic disease is an outcome. It is a result of all the events and stresses that have come before it. Chronic disease tells us the story of the patient, how they have lived and what they have endured. The body is designed to store memory. How can new life be created without the physical transference of memory via genes?

Over time ducks evolved webbed feet because they spent so much time hunting in the water. As a result benevolent nature decided that the duck would benefit if its feet were webbed. Because we know how to read the signs, we can tell that any animal with webbed feet spends a lot of time in or around water. We don't have to intellectualise this information because we accept that physical form in animals remembers, and adapts to consistency or stress. Why do we think human beings are any different? Why would nature be less benevolent to us than to a duck?

Have you ever tried to convey an emotion to another person while keeping a deadpan and unchanging face? Try conveying real anger without intonation or facial expression. It cannot be done and do you know why? Because the human face is specifically designed to be the main conveyor of emotion. Not just the emotions we feel but also as a medium of communicating what emotions we need to get from others. Every practitioner knows that certain patients keep attracting the same type of people and this is why. Not only do we instinctively and unconsciously through our face display our emotional needs, we are also unconscious experts at reading what others through their face are asking of us. Some who respond will do so with honour but others will capitalise on this request.

This is the fourth major area of difference between HFA and more contemporary methods. HFA knows how to read this unspoken facial language and its practitioners can read what memories are locked in the patient’s unconscious.

After the patient has finished their story, what we call a “top to toe” examination is verbally conducted, asking the patient a totality relating to any pathology or pain they may experience. This is called a top to toe because we start with the head and work our way down. Starting with the head my questions will be

* Do you suffer from headaches or migraines?

* Do you have any skin condition of the scalp?

* Is there any problem with your hair?

When there is an affirmative reply, a check is made to find any modality that accompanies the symptom. Once all the information about this symptom is found further areas of the body are checked – this involves a lot of leading questions

* Do you have any problems with your eyes?

* Are you prone to conjunctivitis or any other repeating infection?

Once this process is complete the physical generals will stand out. The headache was worse of the right and at night, so too was the knee pain. The liver pain is a constant problem (

Because the body is designed to adapt, being able to read it is vital. When a body builder trains in a gym their muscles adapt to the heavy weights, gaining size and mass. If that same person decided to take up marathon running instead, their body would become a different shape, shedding fat and bulk in an effort to make them lighter for long distance running. The same happens inside the brain. The more we focus our attention on a subject or skill, the more the neurons in our brain break past links to create new ones. The key to what happens with the body and brain is frequency. Nature is a system that ensures that physical form adapts itself to need. In the past whenever human beings concentrated on a task, either physical or mental, it was because that task was important to survival. Nature helps us with important tasks by allowing our body to readjust and adapt quickly to any repeated task. This is why practice makes perfect and why habits and addictions are difficult to break.

The human face is part of nature's adaptable make-up and plays a vital role in acquiring need. Most of the time we don't need to be told that our patient is anxious, exhausted or tense, it shows itself in how they carry themselves but even more, it is etched on their face. The process of evolution is remarkable and it shows that nature has our best interests at heart. But evolution and adaptation are long term processes that rely on holding the memories of the past. Snow leopards for example, have changed their coat colour to better suit their surroundings. In the jungle the yellow and black of a large cat’s coat is perfect for the sun and shadows. In the snow this jungle coat would be a hindrance not a help, so nature allows the coat to change into white so the leopard can now blend with the snow. However these adaptations are only useful provided the environment doesn't change. If the snow leopard suddenly moved to the jungle its coat would be a hazard because it is the wrong reaction to the environment.

Human beings have these same forces of nature and we also adapt to our most stressful and dangerous environment. However, before nature commits to any physical change, the stress or conditions in the environment must be long-term and stable.

Every one of us has physically adapted and evolved to suit the changing needs of survival, and the area where this physical change has been most prevalent is on our face. This is because our most consistent threat comes from the group we live in. Human beings are less shaped by weather than other animals although obviously environment plays a part, especially with blue (syphilitic) people but that is a much longer story (see Soul & Survival). While Africans look different to Europeans or Asians we are anatomically all the same. Weather is less of a physiological impetus because we can build shelters and fires.

Our peripheral body does not have to continually adjust to life in the elements because that is not where our greatest threat to survival comes from. Our body does however have to adjust and find a survival edge to life in a group. Like all group animals each human being's greatest threat is the person next to them, because individuals within groups must always compete for resources (see Soul & Survival). Evolution is only successful when it adapts and stores the challenging circumstances of the past. Evolution is playing the odds with the snow leopard, betting that the cold and icy conditions of the past will continue to be the prevalent stress in the present. Human beings have also faced generations of tribulations and have adapted to the physical demands of living in groups. Our body language and facial features have molded and etched themselves into a design that is most beneficial to our individual needs. Homoeopathic Facial Analysis not only helps us select a remedy, it helps the HFA practitioner recognise each person's basic requirements for survival within a group. Human communities survive by individuals performing different niches and these traits along with emotional needs are displayed, as one would expect, to anyone who knows how to read them. Now let’s return to facial analysis in the clinic.

After completing the physical examination I then take photos of my patient (see Homoeopathic Facial Analysis). This is major difference number five between HFA and contemporary homoeopathy. After taking my pictures I leave the patient in the waiting room while I examine their facial features for shape, size and symmetry (see Homoeopathic Facial Analysis). Each facial feature is then classified into a designated colour group of yellow, red or blue, each colour group represents a miasm; yellow is psora, red is sycosis and blue is syphilis (see Appearance and Circumstance).

Homoeopathic Facial Analysis determines the dominant miasm of my patient. While Hahnemann focused on finding the dominant miasm within remedies, analysing the dominant miasm in people has not received the same attention. Once my repertorisation is complete and I know the dominant miasm of my patient, all that remains is to give the repertorised remedy with the same dominant miasm to my patient. Normally a repertorisation based on the generals will leave up to twenty remedy possibilities, but if I know my patient is syphilitically dominant and Mercury, Conium and Aurum are in my repertorisation, my choice of remedy shrinks from twenty possibilities to three. If my patient is blue (syphilis) then so too must the remedy otherwise we don't have a perfect similimum - and that is how Homoeopathic Facial Analysis is done. With the HFA method, practitioners no longer have to struggle over essence or wait like Kent suggested for ten years or more, just to become proficient. Many graduates can achieves results of 80% and upwards after studying Homoeopathic Facial Analysis for only a year even in the most difficult cases of chronic disease.

Developing Homœopathic Facial Analysis (HFA) has been a rewarding journey for both myself, my fellow practitioners and my students. Clinical success is consistent and the insight attained through studying the link between behaviour and facial features has opened my eyes to universal laws and how homœopathy taps into this phenomena.

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Grant has been working and studying in various fields of natural therapies since 1987. Grant’s qualifications include Homœopathy, Naturopathy, Clinical Hypnosis and a Post Graduate Diploma in Eriksonian Psychotherapy. Grant is the current Principal and senior lecturer of the Victorian College of Classical Homœopathy, a position he has held since 1995.

His first book, Appearance and Circumstance(2003) details the nature of miasms and how facial analysis can be used to determine the patient’s dominant miasm. Homœopathic Facial Analysis (2006) continues this work with detailed descriptions and examples of facial analysis. Soul & Survival (2008) defines how miasms influence us in our daily lives and define our individuality.

Grant has lectured in Australia, New Zealand, the Middle East, USA and Europe.

Further information about Grant Bentley’s research and his books can be found on the Victorian College of Classical Homœopathy website http://www.vcch.org/miasm.html and the Soul & Survival website http://www.soulandsurvival.com/

2009-03-09T05:13:00.000-07:00

Osho on Therapy

We are the cause of our own suffering. All therapies are Toys to Calm the Anxiety in our mind and relieve tensions from the Body. Therapies do help us for a while but they are not a permanent solution. We need to go to the root cause of the Disease and most of time it’s our life style and our Vision towards Life.

When we do any wrong act then our soul immediately intervenes but if we ignore that voice again and again, slowly that voice of our soul gets feeble and feeble and one day we cannot hear it.

When ever we suppress anything, that feeling is stored in our body at a particular place, over the period of time will lead to disease. It does not mean that we should hit other person when we are angry but we need to be more meditative. Meditation is the only solution.

We seek for Quick Remedies for a problem. They are certainly quick to show result but they are definitely not the Solution for that problem.

As one goes deep in meditation, slowly, slowly, feelings of jealousy, anger, hatred decreases. In short, the control of mind over us decreases and we become the master of our life for the first time. All meditative therapies like “Osho Mystic Rose”, “Osho No-Mind”, and “Osho Born Again” are techniques to be in touch with our real nature.

In these therapies all those hurtful feelings and emotions which we have suppressed in ourselves gets released and we feel very lighter. We become younger and fresh.

As these suppressed feelings are released, we get glimpses of our real nature and the joy which we used to feel as a child. Our spirit become alive like a child and the body looks younger in numbers.

Whenever the garbage our mind is carrying is thrown out in these meditative therapies and a deep silence is the next outcome of these therapies. This is one of the reasons that Meditation is the essential part of these therapies. Osho has designed them very scientifically. First the catharsis of suppressed emotions is done which is followed by Meditation.

Therapies are also wonderful in relieving disease and dealing with emotions. But at the same we should not become dependent on them and should change our life style that is causing the disease.

No therapy can give us permanent change unless we co-operate with it. Because, old patterns of life style and mind come back again. So to stop falling to old patterns of life one needs to be more meditative. All therapies should be followed by Meditation.

Nature is the Best therapy. Early Morning walk, Fresh Air, Lush Green Garden, Nutritious food prepared with Love, Sight of Sunset with beloved, sound of Rain drops and flowing water is all heals us. Any thing that connects us to our real nature or brings us close to nature can act as a therapy.

The Healer

The whole is the healer. To be healed means to be joined with the whole. The function of the healer is to reconnect it. The healer touches the body of the ill person and becomes a link between him and the source. The patient is no longer connected directly with the source so he becomes indirectly connected. Once the energy starts flowing, he is healed. Healing is one of the most delicate dimensions. And the delicacy consists in the healer not doing anything in it. To be a healer really means not to be. The less you are, the better healing will happen. The more you are, the more the passage is blocked.

2009-03-09T05:05:00.000-07:00

Psychosomatics in Homeopathy

________________________________________

By Gina Tyler DHOM.

For thousands of years, various cultures have known the connection of the mind and the body that illness and disease originate not only from external chemical toxins, but from the traumas within the emotional and mental states.

Modern medicine has relied on suppressive mood altering drugs to combat the extremes to allow humans to be "perfectly flawless" in society. This includes the suppression of anger, grief, fears, hyperactivity, melancholy, obsessions, sexual urges, depression, mood swings, etc.. What if these suppressions were causing the illness, as we find with simple suppressions of a bad cough or fever? If the avenues of elimination are blocked we suffer the secondary consequences. We logically think of our bowel movements, urine, sweat, mucous, and tears as toxins that are abundant in an illness needing to be eliminated (so we eliminate them modern medicine has found a way to suppress these symptoms).

Thinking about the person as a whole meaning the emotional, mental, physical, and spiritual states, is a method used by many ancient cultures. Why have we strayed away from this thinking? Because "science" cannot do a double blind study? Because allopathic doctors have no time for all this soul searching (what can you accomplish in a 5 - 10 min. doctor visit)?

This is where homeopathy has made a small dent in the massive scheme of things. Homeopathy looks at disease from the point of the baby's conception, and before birth, and the patterns of inherited genetics. And not only at the present illness, but the complications prior to the onset or "cause" of the illness or imbalance.

The psychosomatic aspect forms a portrait of the illness or disease. By using the homeopathic materia medica, pieces of a huge puzzle start fitting together. This is why homeopaths spend 1-2 hours on the first visit with each patient. Not only is the illness of importance, but the temperament, likes and dislikes, cravings, dreams, habits, fears, peculiarities, childhood traumas, appetite, and of course, the objective observations such as body language, how the patient smells, their energy, and their "chi" or "prana"

(vital force). "Disease" is a disturbance of this vital force -- an imbalance

The body has always been able to heal itself by building up it's immune system and it's vital force. Herbs can detox the physical body and physical manipulations, meditation, yoga, and chiropractors can realign the energy flow that is blocked. Yet none come close to the healing powers of homeopathy, reaching into the depths of traumatic toxins not released for decades.

You might think that if homeopathy has such great force, what are the side-effects? As we all know in modern allopathic medicine, each prescription drug has pages of dangerous side-effects. From aspirin (which causes excessive bleeding) to drugs that induce sexual functions (causing heart attacks).

Homeopathy has no side effects. When it works, it awakens the imbalanced vibrational force through dynamic energy. So, when a person comes down with chronic stomach problems, or chronic headaches, and they have already been to several doctors, had tests after tests, x-rays, taken drugs to help the pain, yet still have no answers, there must be another avenue of escape. It is obvious to a classical homeopath, after taking their case, that the illness is related to a psychosomatic history. These do not show up to an "allopath" on a physical level.

The phenomenon of the mind when it comes to disease (or illness) is baffling. A homeopath finds out soon enough that treatments with remedies eventually fail if only the physical ailments are addressed. One hundred people can have sinusitis and each person must be looked at as an individual that has a history of imbalance. So, each will need a completely different remedy.

It is the trademark personality (or constitution) that signals the homeopath the mental state and it's traumas, the disposition of the mind, and it's subconscious acts to the individuals state of being.

If you really look deep into each person, opening up their life like a book, turning each page one at a time, unfolding the layers of suppression, deception, and survival mechanisms then you will finally find a matching homeopathic remedy.

To not properly address these would mean no cure. Yes, a homeopath or allopath may "palliate" an illness or pain, but this never comes close to regressing the origin of imbalance. Psychosomatic illness is stored in memory. Even though the physical body externally might be perceived as balanced, beautiful, or put together, there is an ongoing festering volcano waiting to boil over inside the mind.

Allopathic mood altering drugs will suppress these urges from ever surfacing but they do not "cure" the imbalance and turmoil.

1. In some cases chemical toxins have caused this imbalance, such as vaccinations. Vaccines given to a child can cause extreme havoc to the brain (violent seizures, ADD, ADHD, hyperactivity, learning disorders, violence, chronic illnesses, immune

deficiencies, respiratory problems, and death). ( www.909shot.com for more info).

To give the child anti-seizure medication suppresses the convulsions, but does not address the cause of the convulsions. Homeopathy can remove these toxins permanently. When a child has ADHD, ADD, or hyperactivity, prozac and ritalin are prescribed. Thousands of children are turning into zombies and making the drug companies filthy rich. Does it help? NO! The cause is due to a "chemical toxin" like vaccines or aspartame (in nutra-sweet, equal, and diet sodas). More info from www.dorway.com.

These toxins are extremely deadly yet the doctors and the FDA allow the use of them. Why? Think about it ... greed and money...billions of dollars are made from this vicious circle of chemical toxins. Brainwashing every parent into thinking that the safety standards are looking out for their child's welfare.

2. With the other cases it is severe trauma as a child. Abuse, molestation, abandonment, and grief, keeping it all suppressed, secrets, deceit, denial...all of these kept inside, locked away for no one to see. The body does remember no matter what survival mechanism is used, causing extreme stress and turmoil within the emotional and mental states. Wait long enough, and you have the physical illness that mirrors these states.

A person can live in denial forever and get used to the situation, allowing the imbalance to grow into a multi-headed monster within, slowly affecting all their relationships, reacting with mistrust, jealousy, suspicions, depression, panic, fear, anger, irritability, violence, and suicide. Nothing makes sense but the "onset", the "cause" of the original problem. This is what classical homeopathy looks at: the psychosomatics behind all illness. Disease imparts blockades within the life force. Restricting the flow of life, living in a delusional state of "darkness". This darkness needs to become light, when you fill yourself with knowledge and the state of awareness, the delusions will vanish. This in turn will conquer the physical ailments of a particular disease. The chronic pains, cysts, hair loss, obesity, fatigue, nausea, dizziness, acne, and back pain will disappear.

There is no way to stop or destroy energy, you can only redirect it or block it. The energy "inside" vibrates like a matching homeopathic remedy. To cure by dynamics means to cure "pure consciousness".

Homeopathy is based on "nature's law of cure". For a classical homeopath to take a case, it is not merely the asking of several questions that matters, it is the observations, to feel what the patient feels, to become that person, to step into their shoes and to find the "disposition" of the patient.

2009-03-09T04:54:00.000-07:00

Communication skills in case-taking

- Dr. Ajit Kulkarni

(This lecture given by the author before Homoeopathic Research Institute, Satara has been transcribed by his students).

“In every art there are few principles and many techniques.”

- Dale Carnegie

Introduction

Today I am going to talk on a fundamental subject of communicating with our patients. Our syllabus at undergraduate (BHMS) level or at Post – graduate (M.D.) level doesn’t contain the subject of communication although we get very few points on case taking. Case – taking in homoeopathy is a multi-dimensional complex process, which demands the full exploration of a human being. It is not merely gathering of some symptoms through a certain frame of questions. To be frank with you when I began homoeopathic practice, I was unaware of the depth of case – taking and communication skills. My entire interview was based on questions alone and I was bombarding my patients with innumerable, stereotyped, successive spells like Rawalpindi Express of Shoab Akthar. I was concentrating not on length and accuracy but on speed. This resulted in many fours and sixes as there were many ‘Sachins’ in my patients. I lost many matches and yet I was confused: why I lost? Why were there drop-outs?

I started looking seriously and I found that communicating with patients has a heavy bearing upon physician – patient interaction. Now I realize that communication is a critical component of all medical interaction, it is not “just talking” and that communication is the keystone of the doctor-patient relationship.

Communication: Meaning

The term communication is grossly overworked. Everything from billboards, encyclopedias, to television, to holding hands is communication. However, exchange of words only doesn’t constitute ‘communication.’ The word ‘communication’ originates form Latin term “communicare” or “communico” meaning TO SHARE. When a patient communicates his grievances, his complaints, his painful experiences from his life, he is actually SHARING with the physician. SHARING involves a deeper process of human interaction, of human relation.

Webster dictionary defines communication as “the interchange of thoughts or opinions.” Interchange: to inform, tell, express, or show in order to get a reaction or a response. It also means to listen, understand, weigh or evaluate.

Charles Estes defines communication “------ the reception, digestion, and transmission of meanings, attitudes and feelings through words, gestures and symbols.”

Communication has a basic attribute of enlargement of feelings, facts, attitudes and ideas. So when a physician starts interrogating a patient, a patient is unearthed, unfolded and then he appears to him as a living vibrating individual whose facts are known, whose inner feelings are brought onto the surface, his attitudes and inclinations are understood and his ideas are known.

Communication is not a momentary event; in fact it is a momentary intensification of a continuing, cumulative process that starts even before actual communication takes place and continues even after it has occurred.

Communication is not merely transmission of meaning from one person to another through symbols. It involves the pathway

Source ---- Sender -----Sent------Received ------Receiver-----Result

“The success of communication is measured in terms of not only the effective transmission of the message but also the achievement of intended result.” This sentence indeed gives the crux. Only concentrating on sending the message, a physician shouldn’t get relaxed; he must concentrate also on what is the net result of communication. This net result is the feedback which every patient gives to a physician.

Key – communication skills

There are two critical skills - Active listening and Feedback.

Listening

I give pivotal importance to listening. A homoeopathic physician who sits on a chair with holistic philosophy in the mind, who has to deal with the patient from totalistic viewpoint, who has to keep his awareness fully to focus on emotions, on every body movement, gestures, postures, speech modulations etc., has to be a good listener. It is said that knowledge - seeker has to be a good listener. The process of case taking is a knowledge-seeking process. Ultimately it is the patient who gives knowledge to a homoeopathic physician.

Major difference between ‘hearing’ and ‘listening’ must be understood. Hearing alone is not listening. Hearing means merely picking up sound vibrations while listening means making sense out of what we hear. Hearing is related with ‘ear’ functioning while listening is related with ‘ears, brain and mind’.

“Active listening is an important way to bring about changes in people. Despite the popular notion that listening is a passive approach, clinical and research evidence clearly shows that sensitive listening is a most effective agent for individual personality change and group development”( Rogers and Farson).

To be an active listener, following skills will help a homoeopathic physician.

X Make eye contact

X Exhibit affirmative head nods & appropriate facial expressions.

X Avoid distracting actions or gestures

X Ask questions

X Paraphrase

X Avoid interrupting the patient

X Don’t over talk

X Make smooth transactions

The Second critical skill is Feedback. The process of interview evokes innumerable responses from a patient. Some responses may not be likened but a physician has to keep his mind balanced. A physician must remember, “Positive feedback is more readily and accurately perceived than negative feedback.”

Skills for feedback

i) Focus on specific behavior

ii) Keep feedback impersonal

iii) Keep feedback goal-oriented

iv) Make feedback well-timed

v) Ensure feedback positive

vi) Direct forward behavior

The word feedback relates to the reflection of a patient. When the interview is continued, the dynamic interaction occurs. Varied responses are evoked by both the patient and the physician. The feedback is of 6 points.

1. Focus on specific behaviour

There are 3 questions, why, how and when? Let us take an example.

A flatterer is sitting before you as a patient. He is pleasing you. “How wonderful! Doctor you are great, what a nice interview”. These are the statements of a patient. What doctor should do about this? Instead of engaging himself in appeasement of his own ego from the emotional overtone, the physician should focus on the specific behaviour that is flattery!

2. Keep feedback impersonal:-

A physician is one who has to keep balance between his subjectivity, his emotionality, and his professionalism. He must be able to look at the patient as he is. It is here that Hahnemann expects from him the state of being unprejudiced. In the above example of flattery, a physician should not feel himself great and excited. He must look at it impersonally. It’s like not getting carried away. Keeping the feedback impersonal is reflective of maturity on the part of a physician. Finally his goal in practice is to treat the patient as a person and this goal must not be forgotten.

Let us take another example: Interview begins and patient starts abusing the medical profession, “You all are blood suckers”. The physician should not take this statement in the personal context. He should understand that a patient has strong antipathic notions against the medical profession. The hostile attitude of a patient should make a physician to find out his disposition. He should find out why a patient is hatred. The phenomenon of development of this hatred feeling may itself unlock a case. For the selection of a similimum, it is extremely important to find the inner personality characters.

3. Keep feedback goal oriented:-

The goal of the interview is to seek A2 : that is Accurate and Adequate data. The goal is to understand the patient as he is. For example, in the flattery example the goal is to know the dimensions of flattery i.e. why he developed this disposition? What are the consequences of this as far as his family and social interactions are concerned? There should be pertinacity in achieving the goals. For a physician who has trained himself in making the vision of totality clear, this becomes easier as goals are known.

4. Make Feedback well-timed:-

A patient takes an appointment and is very punctual, but anyhow he has to sit for a long time. A patient expresses his resentment. Now the physician should take this feedback into consideration and should honor the punctuality of a patient in the subsequent follow-ups.

5. Ensure Feedback Positive:-

Once the goal is fixed and it is understood that the feedback should not be perceived in a personal way, it is possible to ensure the feedback positive. In positive feedback the physician acts more as a learner, as a care-taker and as a trustworthy human being.

Example: Mother-in-law and daughter-in-law are at cross with each other. New daughter-in-law behaves arrogantly and in the interview mother-in-law expresses the agony and goes to the extreme to knock out DIL out of the house. The physician advises her not to take an extreme stand. MIL sarcastically expresses, “It is better for you to give an advice by just sitting on a chair”. The physician should take this statement lightly. He should try to understand the dynamic relations, try to explore the personality profile and in the subsequent follow-ups should make a statement in a laughing tone, “I am just giving you an advice by sitting on a chair.” Ensuring the feedback positive helps to develop favourable attitude.

6. Direct forward behaviour:

The physician must be greedy in eliciting the data. A patient often becomes disorganized, wanders here and there, doesn’t stick to any specific issue and doesn’t narrate the totality. It is here that direct forward behaviour has to be followed.

The reflective technique of communication often is very useful in forwarding the interview in a right manner.

Communication skills are not innate or fixed. They can be learned or improved and consequently the physician can improve the health outcomes.

Adherence

Every physician has insecurity in his mind. Whether my patient will stick up to me or will he leave? Insecurity hovers. Anxiety state develops. And the reaction develops “today’s patients do not adhere.” Remember that “poor adherence can be attributed to patient characteristics” is a myth. In fact no consistent relationship has been shown between adherence and

v Age

v Gender

v Social / economic status

v Marital status

v Personality traits (introverted, gregarious etc.)

Then what does affect adherence?

v The patients’ perception of the seriousness of the disease

v The patients perception of the efficacy of the treatment

v The duration of the treatment and illness

v The complexity of the regimen

v The relationship with a physician

Skills for improving Adherence

v Demonstrate compassion

v Communicate:

Ø Personal concern for the patient

Ø Personal interest with patient’s well being

Ø Activate patient’s motivation

Ø Share responsibility with the patient

Ø Discuss the patient’s beliefs

Barriers to communication

When I started practice I was not aware of ‘barriers’ to communication. I found that there are some patients to whom I was unable to communicate. In some patients I was right at selection of remedy or at repetition, but not knowing how to handle the patients through positive communication. Subsequently I understood that good communication skills are required not only in the first interview but also in follow-ups. The dropouts in my practice taught me to see the barriers, which are collectively termed, as Noise.

These are as follows:

Ø Absence of a common frame of reference.

Ø Badly encoded messages.

Ø Disturbance in transmission channel.

Ø Poor retention (esp. in face to face communication).

Ø Inattention by the receiver.

Ø Premature evaluation of the message.

Ø Unclarified assumptions.

Ø Mistrust between sender and receiver.

Ø Different perceptions of reality

Ø Semantic difficulties.

Ø Vagueness about the objectives to be achieved.

Ø Misinterpretation of the message.

Ø Clash of attitudinal nuances of the sender and receiver.

Ø Psycho - physical factors.

Ø Selection of wrong variety of language.

Now I focus on the factors, which produce the Noise, and I see that the communication is

barrier-free and smooth.

Homoeopathic interview: qualities desired

Ø Well-defined ego and not to be over involved

Ø Healthy attitude towards patient

Ø Empathy, sensitivity and sensibility

Ø Sufficient intelligence to understand and co-ordinate in a coherent way

Ø Interview skills for warm and effective communication both verbal and non-verbal

Ø Maintaining professionalism, open and trusting way

Ø Ability to create supportive climate in interview to be able to make patients express their true feelings and honest opinions without fear of rejection or censure

Ø Knowledge of related subjects: clinical, para-clinical, homoeopathic, social, psychology etc.

Ø A calm, quiet, balanced mind and yet alert

Ø Jovial, charming, cheerful communication

Ø Awareness and observational eye

Ø Precision of mind

Ø Asking the right question(s) at right time

Ø Appropriate use of memory box

Now if you think that you know the basics of communication, you know key

communication skills and now you are in a position to take an interview, you may face a lot of difficulties; for, you must know communication techniques.

These are as follows-

1. Facilitation - Verbal or non-verbal communication that encourages the patient to elaborate.

2. Open-ended Questions - Requests stated in general terms for non-specific information.

3. Direct Questions - Are those that ask patient for specific information. There should not be leading questions; they should give a graded response than yes or no.

4. Support - Indicates physician’s interest and concern and his willingness to help the patient.

5. Empathy - Communication that expresses understanding of and sympathy for the patient’s feelings.

6. Silence – Expresses a range of responses from total disinterest to active concern. It gives the patient a chance to explore and express deeper.

7. Reflection – A response from the physician that repeats, mirrors or echoes a portion of what the patient has just said; useful in eliciting both facts and feelings.

8. Clarification – A response that asks the patient for further information and explanation for the sake of clarity.

9. Confrontation – A technique that brings the patient face to face with the patient. Should be used with caution.

10. Hypothetical – If patient is not coming out with hard facts, this technique may help

in selected cases.

11. Summation – Reviews the information that has been given by the patient.

12. Interpretation – Formulation by the physician of data, events or thoughts into terms

that make the patient aware of their inter-relationship.

I briefly outline some of the qualities needed on the part of a physician for homoeopathic

interview.

Some questions discussed in the lecture

1. Absence of Common frame of reference

The frame of reference relates to the environmental setting in which the interview take place. The concept is that the environment must be congenial for the free ventilation of patient’s narration. The patient should feel that the environment in the clinic is favourable and there are no obstacles.

Example: The sitting posture between a patient and a physician must be face to face. If a physician is looking at north-west and a patient at south-west, it is not a congenial frame of reference. Strong smell coming from slums can be an irritating experience for both a patient and a physician. The word common represents at least the prescribed notions of the expected environmental settings.

2. Badly encoded messages:-

It is the fundamental right of a patient to get all the message of a physician in clear terms. Many physicians have the habit of talking in a rapid way or they talk as if muttering with themselves. The coding of message must be in the format which is digestible by a patient.

3. Disturbances in transmission channel:-

This relates to the interferences that are from various sources. Frequent ringing tones, vehicles on the road, T.V. or radio in the clinic making big sounds, receptionist interrupting, the students asking questions in between etc.etc.

3. Semantic Difficulties:-

The language is the prized possession of a human being, but it is the complex way of communication. Each word has many meanings and both – the patient and the physician must have at least working knowledge of the meaning of words.

Example: A patient from Tamilnadu speaks in Tamil language with a Maharashtrian physician who doesn’t know tamil. This will be the semantic difficulty.

Sir, in communication techniques, what do your mean by “OPEN ENDED QUESTION?” (Requests stated in general term for non-specific information). Example?

Answer: Open ended questions give a wide platform to talk with free association.

Example: A patient is telling about pain in abdomen and open ended question is “Tell me more about your pain?”

A patient is narrating grief incidence but in a brief way then O-E-Q is- “Tell me more about your grief”.

The benefit of O-E-Q is that there is no bombardment of questions and a physician does not restrict a patient in the golden cage of questions. The ventilation of patient’s thoughts and emotions occur spontaneously, freely and adequately.

Hypothetical: In order to explore the true portrait of the patient’s mental state, an imaginary situation is produced by a physician. e.g. In order to understand what exactly happens when a patient develops anticipatory anxiety, physician puts up the scenario before the patient, like a patient undergoing an air-travel for the first time or a patient is caught in an accident etc.

Summation: It’s like summing up in a concise way and again asking the patient to comment. Summation is useful for facilitation and classification.

The major barrier to communication is the self-concept. We know that whatever concept an individual has of himself, he clings to, shutting out data that are not congruent with it.

One more major barrier to clear, undistorted communications results from the role relationships, or status differences, of individuals involved in inter-personal communication.

Credibility of the source also affects communication. Generally speaking, individuals of high status are accorded greater credibility. We tend to believe people who we define as “experts.”

No communication is free from emotions, either on the part of the sender or the receiver. Emotions form part of the “modifiers” system that screens transmissions and inputs.

I briefly outline some of the qualities needed on the part of a physician for homoeopathic interview.I have applied all these techniques and knowledge in my interview chamber and I have found them extremely beneficial. I request you, the readers, to apply these techniques and send me your feedback.

My friends, remember that to explore the human being is not an easy task. One has to change his personality, look within himself, banish his prejudices, wrong notions or beliefs and go ahead with vigour. Amen!

Dr.Ajit Kulkarni

MD(Hom)

e-mail: dr_ajitkulkarni@rediffmail.com

Mind rubrics- The last moment revision - by Dr.K.R.Mansoor Ali BHMS,MD(Hom)

2009-03-09T04:44:00.001-07:00

Mind rubrics- The last moment revision

Dr.K.R.Mansoor Ali BHMS,MD(Hom)

Govt. Homeopathic Medical College, Calicut.Kerala

Approved practitioner, Ministry Of Health,UAE
Email : info@similima.com

This work is meant for busy practitioners and those who are preparing for competitive examinations. This work is based on Synthesis and Complete repertory

This is an attempt to lessen the difficulties of the students & especially busy practitioners who my wish to make themselves familiar with the mind rubrics.. The mental rubrics are difficult to understand by dictionary meanings alone. We should understand the correct means assigned to a particular rubric.

I have tried with best of my efforts, knowledge and hard work to make this a valuable work. I hope and wish that this work will be accepted and appreciated. I welcome any suggestions from any quarter it may be, so that this work can be improved upon.

Readers are requested to visit " Interpretation of mind in Synthesis " for a detailed study of individual rubrics.

1. Abandoned : Feeling of being left alone without help

Forsaken : Feeling of being left alone without help

Deserted : Feeling of being left alone when most needed

2. Abashed : To strike with shame

3. Abrupt : Unexpectedly sudden, rude

4. Absent minded : In attention of mind

In Absentmindedness there is no fixation of mind at all,

In Absorbed the mind is directed towards one problem. Fixed in one thought

Abstraction of mind : A destructive symptom, something in the mind has been lost

5. Absurd : Ridiculously unsuitable , foolish

6. Abusive : Habit of employing harsh insulting languages.

Cursing : Is due to some provocation by somebody or some provocative ideas

Swearing. Cursing after heated exchange with another one

7. Acuteness : Sharpness and keenness of mind

8. Adaptability loss of : Very difficult to adjust to the surroundings

9. Admiration : A high degree of pleasure

10. Admonition : Aggravation from gentle advice

11. Adulterous : Sexual intercourse with a female other than his lawful wife

12. Affability : The quality of being pleasant and at ease in talking to others

13. Affectation : Artificial behavior designed to impress others

14. Affectionate : Affection beyond normal limit which may be cause of concern

15. Afraid : Filled with fear and apprehension

16. Agility mental : The quality of being quick in answering and resourceful

17. Agitation : Inviting public attention to a controversial matter or issues.

18. Agony : Intense pain of mind and body

19. Agoraphobia : Abnormal fear in open place

20. Air castle : Making theories which may not be practicable

21. Alert : Vigilantly attentive, quick

22. Alienated : Indifference to those formerly attached

23. Aloof : Reserved, keeping distance in social relations

24. Amativeness : A disposition to love with sexual desire

25. Ambitious : An ardent desire for rank and power

26. Amorous : An intense desire for love especially sexual .Practical indulgence in sex is not necessary.

Lasciviousness : Person is much more attracted towards sexual thoughts and act.

Lewdness. The sexual thoughts may not be predominating but the person desires to expose the body . This is a voluntary act.

Shameless. Patient always seem to be half naked . This is an involuntary act.

27. Amnesia : A gap in one’s memory

28. Amusement : Desire to play or entertainment

29. Anarchist : One who rebel against anything or ruling power

30. Anger : A strong feeling of displeasure and usually of antagonism

31. Anguish : Anxiety with physical sufferings

32. Animation : State of being full of life, jest and vigor

33. Anorexia nervosa & mentalis : A forceful unwillingness to eat

34. Antagonism : Actively expressed opposition or contradiction

35. Anthropophobia : fear of men

36. Anticipation : Anxiety for a good thing Eg. At the time of marriage

Anguish : Anxiety with physical sufferings

Anxiety : Anxiety have no definite cause

Fear : Has a definite cause.

Apprehension : Fear with an element of doubt & expectation of something unpleasant to happen

37. Antics : A childish or foolish act

38. Antisocial : Opposed to the principles of the society

39. Apathy : want of feeling emotion or interest

40. Aphasia : Loss of power of speech due to a brain lesion

41. Appreciation longs for : Desire to get approval gratitude or good opinion

42. Approached : Drawing near of others aggravates

43. Ardent : Extremely eager enthusiastic devoted faithful person

44. Arguing : Giving reason to believe or evidence

45. Argumentative : Controversial, given to disputation

46. Arrogance : A feeling of superiority manifested in an overbearing manner

Haughty: There is an excessive claim over something in comparison to others.

47. Astonished : Struck with sudden surprise

48. Attached : Bound by personal ties

49. Attended to be : A desire for observant consideration or regards

50. Attitudes : A disposition, feeling of emotion towards a state or position of body

51. Audacity : A negative boldness. Daring boldness with assurance, too much self confidence

BOLDNESS : Fearless before danger, assured and confident

Daring : Recklessly bold.

Presumptuous : Bold and over confident

High spirited: A bold, energetic feeling despite being placed in tense situation

Impertinence : Rude with out respect

Insolent : Lack of respect

Temerity : Rash & overconfident

52. Automatic : A complete lack of coordination between will & muscles

53. Automatism : automatic action

54. Avarice : An excessive insatiable desire for wealth and gain even though he is having enough of it

Covetous: Desire to posses something, which belongs to others.

Miserly : A great desire to save money even from occasions where it is considered necessary to spend.

55. Aversion : A firmly settled and vehement dislike.

Hatred : A settled dislike with prejudiced feeling for a particular person or aspect.

Disgust : An intense dislike for something after repeated failures

Hatred - is applied to a particular individual of affair

Misanthropy : Hatred from the whole mankind

55. Awareness heightened : Delusionary state in which he gathers an accurate impression of his own internal organs – a transparency feeling

56. Awkward : Lack in social favour, skill or kindness

57. Bad parts take everything : Offended easily

58. Bad temper : Easily angered nature

59. Bargaining : Negotiating over the terms of a purchase, where the rates are not fixed

60. Barking : speaking in a loud, curt and angry tone

61. Bashful : Inclined to shrink from public attention due to shyness

62. Battles talk about : During the course of sickness, person always talk about battles

63. Beating : To hit sharply in a fit of anger

64. Beautiful things : Everything looks beautiful even rags

65. Begging : to ask earnestly or submissively

66. Benevolence : Tendency to do charitable and generous acts

67. Benumbed : Inactive in his mental faculties like perception understanding etc.

68. Bereavement : Loss of death of relatives or friends

69. Besides one self being : A state of extreme excitement ,deep personalization

70. Bewildered : A state of confusion, lack of power to distinguish with certainty

Confusion : Where individual is generally all right. But whenever he sits for doing some calculation work he gets confused

71. Bilious disposition : A peevish ill natured disposition

72. Biting : An altered mental state of a person who desire to bite

73. Blames himself : To hold oneself responsible for facts or errors

74. Blasphemy : Irreverence towards something considered sacred

75. Blindness pretending : A deliberate and knowing attempt to post oneself as blind

76. Blissful feeling : Complete happiness

77. Blushing : Red glow on the skin caused by modesty or shame

78. Boaster : Person speak quite high of himself with much pride

79. Boredom : Weary with dissatisfaction or tediousness

80. Brain fag : prostration of mind

81. Brooding : means, being occupied with things in the present

Dwell : means being occupied with things in the past

Absorbed : An intellectual mental rubric. As in great scientists like Edison

82. Brotherhood sensation of : Belongs to brother, unification

83. Brutality : The state or quality of being grossly ruthless, cruel and cold blooded

Cruelty : Lower grade than brutality.

Malicious :Person generally in the habit of making plans to harm others ,will fully involved commission of wrong.

Rudeness: A general and habitual deficiency in manner and grace .No respect for elders

Wicked disposition: Evil in principle or practice. Acting contrary to moral or Devine law.

84. Buffoonery : An irrational behavior lacking in judgment

Childish behavior : a person of grown up age behaves like a child.

Foolish behavior : a person behaves in a foolish manner irrespective of age

Idiocy : Is worse than Imbecility- IQ much lower

The difference between Idiocy and Foolish behavior is that the former is due to deficiency or under development of brain while the later has no deficiency of brain.

Stupidity : An unintelligent behavior or action, which can be easily judged by somebody. They are dull from the intellectual side and they are not doing such acts deliberately.

85. Bulimia : An abnormal or irresistible desire for food

86. Buoyancy : vivacity or hilarity

87. Busy ; being constantly engaged in something

88. Calmness : A state of repose & freedom from turmoil or agitation

89. Calumniate : Utter false statement in order to impair public reputation of others

90.Capriciousness : Sudden change of opinions and purposes without any reasons.

Inconstancy: Changeableness, one who cannot stick to one place or in one occupation.

Irresolution: A person who cannot make up his mind and is in turmoil when asked to make a selection

Persist in nothing: Jumping from one thing to another without any purposes. They are fickle minded and always wavering and unsteady.

91. Care free : free from anxiety or responsibility

92. Carefulness : The quality of being careful and protective, cannot tolerate least imperfection

93. Careless : Do not pay any attention what other say or think about him

94. Caressed : Touch or stroke in loving or entreating manner

95. Carousal : Drink freely & nicely

96. Carphologia : To make grasping movements or gestures

97. Carried : A mental condition in which he wants to be lapped & carried

98. Casting off : Arrogant & dictatorial person looking on others with contempt

99. Catalepsy : Mimicking suspended animation

100. Cautious : Marked by prudent forethought to minimize the risk

101. Censorious : Inclination to criticize or discover faults on others

102. Cerebral type : Predominated by intellect

103. Chagrin : Depression or distress of mind brought on by humiliation ,hurt etc.

104. Changeable : One moment happy other moment angry

105. Chaotic : State of utter confusion

106. Character lack of : Lack of reputation, moral excellence & firmness

107. A quack or pretender to medical knowledge

108. Charming : Fascinating or attracting features

109. Chases : Follow in order to catch

110. Checking : Compelled to verify things repeatedly

111. Cheerful : Happy, being in good sprit even during sickness.

Content : Satisfied and easy in mind despite various sufferings or hurdles .

Exhilaration : Person feel inordinately happy, joyous without sufficient cause.

Exaltation : is in respect of the feelings a person is already having but Exhilaration is in general.

Ecstasy :A state of emotion so intense that one carried beyond thought and self-control as in sexual pleasure-orgasm.

High spirited : Characterised by a bold, energetic feeling despite being placed in tense situation

Jesting : A disposition of cutting jokes even when attended by a doctor or in serious condition

Exhilaration - One can understand the reason for the happiness or sadness.

Ecstasy one cannot satisfy himself by way of reasoning.

The difference between cheerful and hilarity is that the former is satisfied and happy but the later is not only cheerful but laughing with happiness

112. Childbed : State of mother during the birth of a child until a period of one month

113. Choleric : Violent excitement & agitation in anger, love or in fulfillment of desire

114. Circumspection lack of : Does not take any precaution or attention to any possible consequences

115. Clairaudient : Delusion of hearing voices

116. Clairvoyance : A gift or power to perceive matters beyond the range of ordinary perception

117. Clever : Mentally quick bright and alert

118. Climb : To move up using hands and feet

119. Clinging : Due to strong emotional attachment or dependence, adhere closely or firmly

120. Closing eye amel : A sort of mental relief by closing the eyes during sickness or otherwise

121. Cloudiness : A state of confusion

122. Coma : A deep prolonged unconsciousness

123. Commotion : Mental agitation

124. Communicative : Talkative personality, tendency to communicate openly & readily

125. Compassionate : Sympathetic, concern for the sufferings of others and give aid

126. Complaining : Expressing a protest over some dissatisfaction without any threat but expecting some sympathy or redressel

127. Comprehension ; The grasping power of mind

128. Conceit : overweening self esteem

129. Concerned : Anxiety

130. Confiding : Telling something confidentially but have a fear in mind

131. Conflicts : A mental struggle to be a opposition

132. Confounding : Confusing objects and ideas

133. Confusion : The state of being unclear in mind

134. Conscientious : Have strong morality

135. Consciousness : State of being aware of one’s own existence

136. Consolation : Alleviation of distress by sympathetic care or attention

137. Contemptuous : Open disrespect despite the opposition

138. Content : satisfied and easy in mind despite various sufferings

139. Contentious : Hard effort or struggle to achieve something

140. Contradiction : Tendency to oppose

Disposition : A tendency to oppose or contradict the speech, actions or versions of anybody with arguments and by using his intellect.

Intolerant of : persons who cannot tolerate any contradiction to what they have said. This intolerance is not supported by anger.

Contrary : He will oppose anything without applying intellect or argument

141. Controlling : To excise authority or influence over

142. Conversation : Oral exchange of sentiments, opinion etc

143. Coquettish : A short lived amorous attachment with a man

144. Corrupt : Immoral & dishonest

145. Cosmopolitan : Common to the entire world

146. Courageous : State of mind to face danger marked by bold resolution even in diseased state.

147. Cowardice : lack of courage

148. Crafty : Mischievous

149. Crawling : A

149. Crawling : A person move like insects – on hands and knees

150. Crazy : intensive eager to achieve something which may be beyond his reach

151. Credulous : Tendency to believe readily, unsuspecting

152. Critical : Criticize severely by finding faults & imperfections

153. Croaking : Protesting in a sorrowful melancholic manner with a frog sound

154. Cross : Ill humor

155. Cruelty : Hard hearted, inhuman behaviour

156. Culpability : He feels himself responsible for wrong or error

157. Cunning : Inclined to cheat

158. Curious : eager to acquire information or knowledge

159. Cynical : Contemptuously and bitterly mocking

160. Daring : Recklessly bold

161. Dazed : State of being astonished

162. Debauchery : Immorality, excessively indulging in sensual pleasures

163. Deceitful : A tendency to cheat others deliberately

164. Decisive : To believe what is not true

165. Decomposition of shape : Sense of appreciation & discrimination of shape lost

166. Deeds great : Repeated feeling in mind that he could do great deeds which could be appreciated by others

167. Defiant : Boldness to such an extend that one can do despite any amount of opposition or challenge by others

168. Dejection : The state of being depressed after failures

169. Delirium : A transient mental disturbance with confusion, disorientation, disordered speech etc.

170. Delirium tremens : An acute insanity due to alcohol intoxication

171. Delivery : mental complaints after parturition

172. Delusion : A false belief in spite of invalidating evidence.

173. Dementia : Deterioration of intellectual faculties, emotional disturbances resulting from organic brain disorder

174. Dependant of others : Unable to do without the help of others

175. De personisation : Loss of feeling of his own reality

176. Depravity : Corrupt state of moral character, wicked

177. Depression :

178. Deserted : Feeling of being left alone when most needed

179. Desires : A mental condition in which person feels necessary for something or longing

180. Desolate room appears: A feeling of loneliness or lacking hope

181. Despair : Losses all hope & confidence due to illness or circumstances

182. Despising : To disrespect, regard something as negligible, worthless

183. Despondency : Depression of spirit from loss of hope or confidence

184. Despotic : An absolute power, autocratic control or leader ship

185. Detached : As in depression-separated, free from emotional ,intellectual or social involvement

186. Determination : The quality of being resolute or firm

187. Dictatorial: Authoritative people who dominate, want to give orders like a superior person

188. Dipsomania : Uncontrollable periodic insatiable desire for alcohol

189. Dirty : Unclean though or conversation

190. Disagreeable : Developed by discomfort or repugnance and is marked by bad tempered unpleasant thought

191. Disconcertment : Insight, discriminate by understanding

192. Discomfort : A feeling of mental or physical discomfort

193. Disconcerted : A frustrated upset or confused mind due to grievance or desires and aspirations

194. Discontent : Always dissatisfied

195. Discords : Fail to agree or harmonize

196. Discourage : Deprived of confidence due to some provocation by somebody

197. Discrimination lack of : The act of recognizing and making fine distinction

198. Discuss : To speak together about something

199. Disgust : Dislike after repeated failures

200. Dishonest : disposed to cheat or lie

201. Disobedient : Refusal or failure to obey, violation of rules

202. Disoriented : loss one’s direction, position or relationship

203. Displeased : Feeling of dissatisfied, unhappy

204. Dissatisfied : Performance shown to hi m by others is not satisfactory

205. Distance : Inaccurate in judging the distance and events

206. Distraction : A mental derangement in which a person is agitated with violent, usually conflicting emotions

207. Distrustful : So much suspicious, doubt every one, no faith in close relatives

208. Diversion amel : A person feel relaxed by diverting mind to some other matters

209. Dogmatic : Authoritative, asserts his opinion forcefully

210. Domineering : By virtue of his natural dominating personality he make them agree on proposals

211. Dotage : Impaired intellect in old age, second child hood

212. Doubtful : Uncertain about outcome

Skeptical : postponing doubtfulness

213. Doro mania : Impulse to run

214. Duality sense of : sense of being double

215. Dullness : Lacking luster ,alertness or brightness in face

216. Duplicity : Double dealings, deliberate deception

217. Duty : moral obligation to do ones business

218. Dwells : Being occupied with things in the past

219. Dynamic : Relating to activity or things in movement

220. Dyslexia : Impairment of the ability to read

221. Earnestness : Deep sincerity & seriousness, work with great devotion

222. Eccentricity : A departure from the established traditional behaviour

223. Ecstasy : A state of emotion so intense that one is carried beyond thought & self control

224. Ecstatic : Absorbed

225. Effeminate : womanish softness and weakness

226. Egotism : An extreme self of self importance

Selfishness : Everything for me not for others

227. Elated : Lovely and joyful

228. Elegance : grace and refinement in appearance and manners

229. Elation : joyful, high spirited

230. Eloquent : Fluency in speech and have good command over language & diction

231. Embarrassed : Feeling of awkward confusion, perplexed

232. Embittered : Bitter feeling- end result of long continued ill feeling

233. Embraces : A close encircling with arms

234. Emotional excitement : Easily affected by emotions

Sentimental : is closing to emotional, but the degree sensitivity is difference. A person who is sentimental is more sensitive and will not be excited like a emotional person.

235. Ennui : Boredom in life, lost interest in pleasurable activities and daily routine

236. Entertainment : The act of diverting or amusing to pass his time agreeably

237. Envy :Resentful desire for another’s possession or advantages.

A desire to achieve some prosperity or some possession, which others are, have

Envy : is more positive,

Jealousy : is more negative

A jealousy having malignant feeling his neighbor has purchased a car even if he is having it. The prosperity of other is not tolerable.

238. Erythrism : Excitement or stimulation with an abnormal irritability

239. Erotic : Always dwell on sexual matters

240. Erratic : irregular and unpredictable in behaviour

241. Escape : A desire to run away from present situation

242. Estranged : Indifference, will not show any affection to loved one’s

243. Euphoria : A heightened sense of well being

244. Evading look : Escape from responsibility

245. Exacting : Requiring great accuracy

246. Exaggerating : to over state,. Greater than actually the case

247. Exaltation : An abnormal sense of personal well being, power or importance

248. Excitement : A stimuli that give agitation which may be emotional

249. Exclaiming : Sudden crying out or uttering a sharp noise when surprised

250. Exclusive : A person who is highly choosy and does not mix easily with people- have limited friends only

251. Exertion mental : A feeling of aggravation or amel doing any work

252. Exhausted : worn out completely

253. Exhilaration : Inordinately happy without sufficient cause

254. Expansive : communicative, inclined to open and generous

255. Extravagance : Great desire to spend money , which may be unaffordable in normal course

256. Extreme : A type of fanaticsm, behaviour out of usual course

257. Extrovert : A selfless interest in ones environment or in others

258. Exuberance : Full of enthusiasm or joy

259. Exultant : Triumphantly or rapturously joyful

260. Factiousness : Making funny remarks or actions with the intention of amusing others

261. Faithless : want of religious feeling

262. Faltering : Doubtful, unable to decide

263. Fanaticism : Intolerant of any views or concepts which differ from his own- religion, politics

264. fancies : Imagination especially of fantastic nature

265. Far way : Apathy and indifference to future as in depression

266. Fascinating others : Charming and entreating

267. Fastidious : want everything in neat clean and order, very difficult to please

268. Fault finding : Continually looking for negative points in others

269. Fear : Alarm and agitation caused by expectation or realization of danger

270. Feasting : A banquet

271. Feigning : Pretend to be ill, an artificial posing to be sick

272. Fervent : Hot glowing, ardent , animated

273. Fickle : Constantly changing decisions and moving on the track which nobody may expect

274. Fidgety : Compulsive movement of limb, these movements are not involuntary but habit

275. Fiery : Irritable temperament

276. Fight wants to be : aggressive person who gets violent at slightest provocation

277. Finery : Luxurious

278. Firmness : Indicating resolution or determination

279. Fists : Hand closed tightly with the fingers bend against the palm

280. Fitful : A sudden emotional upset marked by irregular burst of activity

281. Fixed notion : Peculiar type of habits, ideas or usage without having a proper reasoning

282. Flash back : A scene from the past inserted as command or explanation

283. Flattered : Pleasing somebody by praising

284. Fleeing away : inclination to runaway

285. Fogged : mental confusion

286. Foppish : Always wants to be dress at his best

287. Forage : Food for horses and cattle

288. Foreboding : Prior forethought something bad is going to happen

289. Forgetful : Unable to remember, constantly misses appointment

290. Forgotten something feels constantly : A recurrent feeling that he has forgotten something

291. Formal : Methodical and proper

292. Forsaken feeling : Feeling of being abandoned

293. Frail : Fragile, he is delicate and he will break

294. Frantic : Mentally deranged to the point of madness in anger

295. Fraternized with the whole world : Whole world is his friend

296. Fretful : A type of irritability with agitation

297. Fright : A terror excited by a danger

298. Frightened easily : Thrown into a state of alarm easily

299. Fritters away : To waste his time

300. Frivolous : Does not pay serious attention to anything

301. Frown : Tendency to wrinkle brow to show displeasure or disapproval

302. Frustrated : Discontent through inability to achieve one’s desire

303. Furor : Excitement, enthusiasm

304. Fury : Violent unrestrained anger

305. Fussy : paying great attention, affectionate

306. Fussiness : Confusion

307. Gambling : To play a game of chance, take great risk for the sake of possible advantage

308. Gay : Showing exuberance or happy excitement

309. Generous too : liberal in giving or sharing

310. Gentleness : The quality or state of being mild by nature

311. Gestures : Moving limbs or body as an expression of thought

312. Gifted : Talented have high IQ

313. Giggling : Laughing in a nervous or silly manner

314. Gloomy : A person who always look on he dark side of every thing-pessimist

315. Gluttony : Compulsive desire to eat

316. Godless : Lack of reverence for God

317. Good humored : Cheerful looking expression on face even during sickness

318. Gossiping : Indulging in rumor or talk of personal ,often sensational in nature

319. Gourmand : Compulsive desire to eat

320. Gracious : Graceful

321. Gravity : Seriousness of character

322. Greed : Wants to acquire or have in excess than required

323. Grief : An aggrieved state of mind

324. Grimaces : Inner feeling of contempt expressed by facial muscles

325. Groaning : Search blindly or uncertainly

326. Growling : An utterance made in harsh guttural sound

327. Grumbling : Muttering in a low complying voice

328. Grunting : Involuntary expressive sound uttered to show one’s disgust without actually putting it into words

329. Hallucination : Apparent perception of an external object when no such object is present

330. Hard hearted : A heart which is hard to exercise some sympathy

331. Harmony desire for : A normal & satisfying state of completeness and order in relations

332. Hastiness : The quality or state of being in hurry with mental restlessness

333. Hatred : A settled dislike with prejudiced feeling for a particular person

334. Haughty : Arrogantly proud

335. Head strong : Obstinate with fixed ideas and don’t care others views

336. Heedless : Paying little attention without understanding any consequences

337. Hesitating : Not decided upon, in doubt

338. Hiding : Tendency to hide feelings, hide in appearing

339. High spirited : Bold energetic feeling despite being placed in tense situation

340. Hilarity : Internal feeling of pleasure with happiness even in sickness

341. Holding : Wants to be held, anxiety disorder

342. Home desire to go : A dislike for any place other than his home Eg. Hospital

343. Home sickness : He become lonely and away from home, he longs to be with his family and wants to return to his native country

344. Homosexuality : An erotic attraction towards same sex

345. Honor wounded : Result followed by an insult to the reputation or prestige of a person with some physical ailments

346. Hopeful : Optimist

347. Hopeless : Having no possibility of solution, no expectation of cure

348. Horrible : People who cannot bear cruel stories

349. Horror : A strong and emotional feeling of fear and dread

350. Howling : Prolonged cry as in distress or severe pain

351. Humble : Submissive respect

352. Humility : The quality or condition of being humble

353. Humor : Amusing or comical

354. Humorous : Ability to perceive things that are amusing

355. Hunting for words : Difficult to get words during conversation

356. Hurry : A disturbance of mind with turmoil and speed

357. Hydrophobia : Morbid dread of water

358. Hypochondrias : Exaggerated imaginary feeling of being ill

359. Hypocrisy : Pretending principles, posing many principles but not follow in life

360. Hysteria : A neurosis marked by emotional excitability, amnesia, somnambulism etc

361. Idiocy : Is worse than Imbecility- IQ much lower

362. Idleness : Insolent and lazy to pass time without working

363. Imagination : Power of mind to form mental image or concept

364. Imbecility : Feeble minded person with defect in mental ability

365. Imitation : Copying other peoples action and speech

366. Impatience : hurried and worried, intolerance of any delay

367. Imperious : Dominating and full of himself who is always force their views on others

368. Impertinence : Rude and improper in performance & behaviour

369. Impetuous : This is found in persons who tend to do things abruptly in an impulsive manner without any thought of consequences.

In Hurry – a persons wants to do things in a haste and there is no excitement.

In Impatience, The persons is mentally restless

In Impetuous – He is violent in achieving his goal

370. Impolite : uncivil , rude in manner

371. Important person behaving as a : marked by an exaggerated show of self important

372. Impressionable : Easily influenced and are impressed even by slight trifles

373. Improvident : No care for future, want of foresight

374. Imprudence : wanting foresight or discretion

375. Impudent : Disrespect personalities with no modesty or shame

376. Impulse : A sudden spontaneous urge or inclination

377. Impulsive : An inner impelling force to carry out some action, acting suddenly with no thought

378. Inactivity : A state of laziness or sluggishness

379. Inadvertency : In attentive or negligence

380. Inattentive : Lack of attention

381. Inciting : A disposition to excite or provoke others

382. Inconsolable : No amount of consolation bring him any comfort

383. Inconstancy : One who cannot stick to one place or in one occupation

384. Indecision : Inability to make decision

385. Independence : Not influenced or determined by someone

386. Indifference : Lack of interest or anxiety towards children, business or loved ones

387. Indignation : An intense deep felt resentment or anger aroused by an unjustice or wrong they had suffered

388. Indiscretion : An act at variance with the accepted morality of the society

389. Indolence : Lazy people, who would not like to work

390. Industrious : A disposition to be constantly or habitually occupied

391. Infantile behavior : An adult behave like a child, lacking maturity

392. Inflexible : Adhere in firmly to a particular intention or purpose

393. Inhibition : Lack of social inhibition

394. In humanity : Unsympathetic, barbarous attitude

395. Initiative lack of : Lack ability to begin a task

396. Injustice cannot support : Reluctant to support violation of rights of another

397. Inquisitive : Curiosity but of a negative aspect, not so innocent

398. Insanity : Madness or unsoundness of mind

399. Insecurity mental : Want of self confidence

400. Insensibility : Unresponsive or uncreative to his surroundings

401. Insolence : Disgracing others, rude and immoderate in language and attitude

402. Instability : A fluctuating mind that keep on changing from time to time

403. Intellect predominate emotions : Head rule over the heart in making decision

404. Intellectual : rational rather than emotional

405. Intelligent : Having high degree of IQ, mentally acute

406. Intemperance : Lack of moderation especially in the excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages

407. Interruption : A person gets irritated when disturbed in his doings

408. Intolerance : Not enduring difference of opinion

409. Intoxication : Strange feeling as from joy or pleasure and looking as if drunk

410. Intriguer : Build up secret plots against others

411. Introspection : Self examination, looking into himself

412. Introverted : Direct inward, concentrate on oneself

413. Irascibility : Easily influenced by anger, short tempered

414. Irksome : One feels as if everything is irritating for him, upset on pretty things

415. Irony : Hurt others by contemptuous or mocking statements

416. Irreligious : Indifference to religion

417. Irrational : Incapable of reasoning affected by loss of mental activity

418. Irresolution : Unable to decide

419. Irritability : Easily upset

420. Isolation sensation of : Forsaken feeling, feeling of segregation

421. Jealousy : Prosperity of another not tolerable

422. Jesting : Making merry by word or action

423. Joyless : Not having a feeling of happiness even if there are occasion

424. Joyous : Looking happy or pleased despite adverse circumstances

425. Jumping : raising in a sudden manner with force for coming down

426. Kicking : A tendency to strike with legs

427. Kill : A disturbed state of mind charecterised by an impulse to kill

428. Kindness : Affectionate with sympathy and compassion

429. Kissing : To touch or press with lips

430. Kleptomania : Tendency to steal without any economic motive

431. Kneeling : Asking for something in kneeling position

432. Laconic : Speaking in few words

433. Lamenting : An earnest request for grief

434. Languages inability for : Inability to grasp or learn language as in MR

435. Lascivious : Attracted towards sexual thoughts and acts

436. Late : Slow, does not perceive the value of time

437. Laughing : An expression of pleasure by producing a sound showing teeth

438. Laziness : Aversion or reluctance to work

439. Learning : Ability to study or understand

440. Lecherous : Lascivious thoughts

441. Lethargy : Weakness

442. Levitation : A light manner or attitude especially in inappropriate situation

443. Lewdness : Exposing body – a voluntary act

444. Libertinism : Immoral people behave in perverted manner, against social custom

445. Liar : Never speak the truth

446. Listless : No pleasure in his work & act without energy- indifference

447. Litigious : Tendency to take others into court for minor reasons

448. Lively : A pleasurable love & affection

449. Loathing : A feeling of aversion to everything, disgust

450. Locality errors of : Making mistakes in locating places which are familiar to him

451. Loneliness : A feeling of being left alone, isolated

452. Longing good opinion: Desire to get good opinion from others

453. Looked at : He cannot tolerate to be watched or observed by others- feels they are mocking at him

454. Loquacity : Excessive talking in a sound personality

455. Love : An expression of ones affection towards others

456. Low minded : Level of thinking is always petty and they are looked down upon by others

457. Low spirited : A mild hearted may become sad & dejected whenever faced with failures

458. Ludicrous : Laugh at most serious & important things, subject of laughing to others

459. Lypothymia : Mental exhaustion from grief

460. Madness : Unsoundness, mental capacity is lost

461. Magnetised : Wants to be influenced by a person with a stronger will than he is

462. Malicious : Making plans to harm others

463. Malingering : Feeling of being ill in order to attract attention or sympathy

464. Mania : Excitement of psychotic proportion manifested by mental & physical hyperactivity

465. Mani-A-Potu : Delirium tremens- an alcohol withdrawal syndrome

466. Manipulative : Corrupt & dishonest

467. Mannerly : Polite & obedient

468. Mannish : Resembling a man- girls dress & behave like a man

469. Manual work : Mental aggravation whenever engaged in any physical work

470. Marriage un endurable : Dislike even the idea of marriage, may or maynot be due to the idea of responsibility associated with it

471. Mature : A young child behave like an adult and astonishing people around him

472. Meddlesome : Interfering in others matters which may not concern him

473. Meditating : A devotion or spiritual exercise with deep thoughts and is generally inattentive what is going around him

474. Megalomania : Ambitious people have desire for power wealth & fame – rulers who always fight wars to expand their kingdom

475. Melancholy : Gloomy state of mind, dejection

476. Memory : The process of reproducing or recalling what has been learned

477. Men dread of : A sense of some disasters happening on seeing a man

478. Mendacity : Untruthful, tendency to lie

479. Menopause : Lady may more irritable, depressed or uncomfortable during this period

480. Menses : Mental symptom aggravate during menses

481. Mental exertion agg : The least staring of mind agg the sufferings

482. Mental power : The power of mind

483. Merging of self : He is always with nature and can adjust in any circumstances

484. Merry : Cheerful & happy

485. Mesmerised being : Wants to be influenced by a man having strong will power

486. Meticulous : Conscientious, over caring about details

487. Mildness : Gentleness in nature & behaviour

488. Mirth : An excessive feeling of happiness even during sickness, a deviation from normal happiness

489. Misanthropy : Hatred from the whole mankind

490. Mischievous : Tendency to cause harm or trouble to others

491. Miserable : Great unhappiness or helplessness with extreme pain

492. Miserly : A great desire to save money even when occasions where it is considered necessary to spend

493. Misery : Great unhappiness sorrow with pain

494. Misfortune : bad luck and disaster

495. Mistakes : An act of error committed by a person without have an awareness of the consequences due to pre occupation of mind.

496. Moaning : Making a low prolonged sound due to pain

497. Mocking : A type of maltreatment intentionally done to humiliate or offend others

498. Modesty : Tendency to under estimate one’s own talent abilities and values

499. Monomania : Exaggerate obsession or enthusiasm about a single idea – derangement restrict to one idea

500. Mood : A representation of feeling which may be good, bad, changeable or alternating

Alternating – The mental state is very difficult to be predicted because on the one moment he looked very pleasing and other moment he seems to be morose.

CHANGEABLE – It is less strong than alternating. It is been changeable, feeling fine one day, little bit fine in the next day

Alternating means positive or negative black and white, fine and angry

501. Moon light : Feel some changes in their life with changing moon faces

502. Moping : Gloomy state of mind

503. Moral feeling want of : Lack of humanitarian consideration in actions, thought and conduct- very low principles in life

504. Morose : A bitter unsociable discontent person dislike contact with people

505. Morphinism : Drug addiction

506. Mortification : A feeling of shame, humiliation caused by something that wound one’s self respect

507. Muddled : Confused

508. Murder desire to : Disposition to kill some body

509. Murmuring : A low continually repeated sound

510. Mutilating body : Mental disturbance in which disfiguring his body by cutting

511. Muttering : A low rumbling voce representing his complaints in angry way

512. Nagging : Scold and continually quarrelling

513. Naïve : Simple trusting, plain and always takes things at their face value

514. Narrow minded : Lacking tolerance, petty

515. Neglecting : Fail to give proper attention & care

516. Nervous : Anxiety with excitement

517. Neurasthenia : Nervous debility causing fatigue

518. Neurosis : A psychological disorder in which anxiety predominating

519. New : Entire object despite very old are looking new

520. Nibble : Bite gently and repeatedly

521. Night terror : Fearful dream child awake frightened – cannot remember in the event, occur in early part of night

Nightmare : occur in last part of the night, awake frightened, and remember the events. In both case observer find the patient is frightened.

522. Nostalgia : Home sickness

523. Numbers : tendency to draw even numbers

524. Nymphomania : Increased desire for sex in females

525. Objective reasonable : Un influenced by emotion or personal opinion

526. Obligations : A moral or legal bond , a dept of gratitude

527. Obscene : Offensive to accepted standard of decency

528. Obsequious : Submissive up to slavery, all time on others opinion, no complaints

529. Obsession : A persistent thought on disagreeable occurrence by compulsion Eg. OCN

530. Obstinate : Inflexible firmly adhering to an opinion by argument

531. Occupation amel : An activity , business or profession provides amelioration to all complaints

532. Occupied : Always busy with things closed to him in his surroundings

533. Odds : Dissatisfied or discontented with himself

534. Offended easily : Sensitive person feel insulted very fast and takes most harmless remark as hurt feeling

535. Older : A precocity in which child behave as a matured person

536. Opinions : Wants to be respected by others, will not tolerate any contradiction

537. Optimistic : Always expect a favorable out come, no matter how grim thing seems

538. Order in one’s life : Wants every thing in perfect orderly manner

539. Orphan : Forsaken children

540. Over active : Always wants to be busy and occupied

541. Overbearing : Proud of her own looks or cloths, looked down upon others with contempt

542. Over sensitive : Extremely susceptible to feel something – pain or happiness

543. Overwhelming : Very proud and c haughty person

544. Over worked : complaints from over work

545. Panic : Sudden attack of fear

546. Paradoxical : That which contrary to received opinion

547. Paranoia : Delusion of persecution or grandeur- as a King

548. Partial : Prejudiced or biased, favoring one person or side over another

549. Passionate : Capable of having intense feeling

550. Pathetic : Arousing pity or sympathy from others

551. Patience : Power to bear anything calmly and coolly without any provocation

552. Peace : A sense of extreme calmness and contentment

553. Pedant : Unduly concerned with book learning and formal rules without understanding or experience

554. Pedophilia : Desire for sexual intercourse with children

555. Perceptions : Insight, product of perceiving

556. Perfectionist : A predilection for setting extremely high standards and being displeased with anything else

557. Perfidious : Faithless, violating faith

558. Perseverance : Try to full fill any condition whatever may be the consequences- not give up easily

559. Persist in nothing : Jumping from one thing to another without any purpose

560. Pert : Impudent in speech or conduct

561. Pertinacity : Persist or holding firmly even if others disagree

562. Perverse : Want of moral feeling

563. Pessimist : Take least hopeful view on any situation

564. Pettiness : A thing of little value given lot of importance

565. Petulant : Peevish or irritable person for no apparent reason and behave crossly with every one

566. Philosophy : Love and pursuit of wisdom by intellectual investigation and moral self discipline

567. Phlegmatic : Indifference marked by slowness & solidity

568. Photo mania : Desire for light and color

569. Picking : During the course of sickness he plucking & picking anything like clothes

570. Piety nocturnal : Moral & spiritual reasoning at night only

571. Pities herself : Sympathetic & heartfelt sorrow for herself while suffering mentally & physically

572. Placidity : Peaceful & free from agitation, undisturbed and calm

573. Plaintive : Expression of sorrow

574. PLANS making many : This individuals have a habit of wanting to do many things which is not always practical or possible. The person is desirous or expanding his present business for a while he will make many statements, charts, graphs or other things although he may not implement them.

Theorizing : The person has no definite plan, statement, graph etc. but he makes castles in the airway, but it is not so in plans making many.

575. Plants : lover of nature & plants. Green peace movement

576. Playful : Full of good spirit & fun

577. Pleasanty : Full of fun & jesting

578. Pleasing : Desire to please others

579. Pleasure : Agreeable sensation of emotion giving gratification or enjoyment to the mind

580. Polite : submissive

581. Politics ability for : Relating to study structure or affairs of government politics or the state

582. Pompous : Marked by an exaggerated show of dignity or self importance with an air of superiority

583. Positivness : Affirmative, self assured, positive in all affairs and reach their objectives

584. Postponing everything next day : A lazy person has the habit of delaying or putting work to tomorrow

585. Power love of : Great desire and ability to control & compel others

586. Praised being : They wishes to have good thing told about him

587. Praying : Religious minded , devote their maximum time for prays

588. Precocity : Attainment of early maturity, development of mental faculties before the proper age

589. Predicting : Power to perceive things that are naturally beyond the range of human sense

590. Prejudiced : Bias or posses ness of mind

591. Premonition : Presentiment of the future in advance

592. Pre menstrual symptom : Anger, irritability, depression etc just before menses

593. Pre occupied : Lost in thought, absorbed from look itself

594. Presumptuous : Bold and over confident

595. Pride : An unreasonable opinion of one’s own excellence

596. Prim : artificial behaviour designed to impress others

597. Procrastinate : Postponing or putting of something until its later date

598. Profanity : Disrespect towards the religious things

599. Prophesying : Foretelling future events

600. Protesting : They rebel against any authority or ruling power

601. Proud : Haughtiness

602. Provoke : To excite, stimulate or incite others

603. Prying : To examine things with impertinent curiosity

604. Pulling hair : Desire to draw out one’s hair

605. Punctilious : Arriving or reacting at the designated time

606. Pyromania : Fire mania

607. Quaking : Sound produced by ducks- occur in mania

608. Qualmish : Bitter regrets arising from the repentance of past misdeeds

609. Quarrelsome : Disposed to fight for pretty matters

610. Queer : Open to suspicion, counter fit

611. Quick to act : He has quick reflexes and react very fast due to great co-ordination of ideas and actions

612. Quite disposition : Tendency to remain calm and peaceful

613. Quitted cannot : So agitated or restless and not possible to keep quite or calm

614. Rage : He has no control over his anger and behave in violent manner

615. Rakes : Immoral personalities

616. Rash : Quality of acting hastily and incautiously

617. Reading av to : A settles and vehement desire not to read

618. Reality flight from : When faced with facts or difficult situation he tries to escape and live in imaginary world

619. Reason increased power of : Increased intellectual faculty ,have logical explanation for every little incident in life

620. Rebellious : Revolt, resents and resist authority

621. Reckless : Careless or heedless of consequences

622. Recognize anything : One ceases to identify his own friends

623. Recriminating : Remain absorbed in nostalgia and bad memories

624. Relenting : An attentive consideration with introspection

625. Rejecting every thing : He does not accept things offered , capriciousness

626. Religious : Committed to the service of divine or religion

627. Relocating : Have a desire to change or misplace things from their place

628. Remedies homeopathic : Aversion to homoeopathic medicine

629. Remorse : painful memory of wrong doing, bitter regrets arising from the repentance of past misdeed

630. Renunciation : Self resignation, self denial

631. Repose : To rest in confidence

632. Reproaches : Ailments after disappointment and disapproval – they blame oneself for something, they lack self confidence

633. Repulsive mood : A tendency to reject anything irrespective of its quality, does not appreciate efforts by others, nothing give him satisfaction

634. Resentment : Feeling of anger or irritation caused by insult

635. Reserved : Introvert, self restrained in behaviour and expression

636. Resignation : Condition around does not agree very well even though he wants to change it , he cannot- he give up position because he cannot cop up with stress and strain

637. Resolute : Firmness, determination and boldness enough to face circumstances against all odds

638. Respected desire to be : Want to be respected by everybody even though he is not in a good status

639. Responsibility av to : Try to avoid any important job or promotion given to him

640. Rest : Cannot when things are not in proper place, OCN, always cleaning up and put things in order

641. Restlessness : Unable to rest, hyperactive people who are full of energy and desires a constant change

642. Reticent : Reserved in speech

643. Retirement desire for : Desire to withdraw from company or occupation or responsibility

644. Revealing secrets : Making Known the facts which are supposed to be maintained as confidential

645. Revengeful : Take revenge by harming somebody whom had harmed earlier or suspected to have harmed in any way

646. Reverence : Fear mingled with profound respect, showing highest degree of respect to the point of worship

647. Reveres : Day dream, lost in thought

648. Revolutionary : Those who have rebellions thought against any authority or ruling power

649. Rich : Desire to be rich in wealth & money

650.Ridiculous action : Action designed to excite laughter with some degree of contempt, mockery, but without having a very good and sensible aspect on it.

Gestures : are involuntary movement of the organs of the person, but ridiculous action – not such the action presented may be deliberate, yet this is to be considered in that very rubric

651. Riding in carriage av to : Who dislike travel in carriage

652. Right always claim to be : He never accept others opinion and feel that only his judgment will lead to success

653. Rigid : Firmly adhering to an opinion or purpose, inflexible

654. Romantic : An opinion attitude or idea based on feelings/emotions rather than reason

655. Roving about naked : Perverted mind wants to expose in public

656. Rudeness : A general & habitual deficiency in manner and grace, no respect

657. Rules : Aversion to obey the rules, rebellion

658. Runs about : Desire to run away or try to run here and there

659. Sadness : Unhappiness or sorrow , a general term without implication of intensity

660. Sarcasm : A mocking ridicule intended to wound others

661. Satyriasis : Excessive and uncontrollable sexual desire in man

662. Scape goat : A goat on which laid sins of Jewish and then allowed to escape one who made to bear others mistakes

663. Sacred : Frightening and terrifying

664. Skepticism : Doubt full and disbelieve

665. Schizophrenia : Split personality with withdrawal from reality

666. Scoffing : Feeling or showing open disrespect

667. Scolding : Always finding faults and quarrelling by harsh language

668. Scorned : An expression of extreme contempt , but has been in silence

669. Scowl inclination to : Wrinkle brows to look gloomy or threatening

670. Scraping with hands : A symptom of delirium, tear or mark the surface with hands

671. Screaming : A sudden sharp cry indicates sudden terror or fear he has just experienced

672. Scrupulous : Have principles and moral integrity in all the deeds

673. Searching : Search for something on the floor as if lost which may draw the attention of others also

674. Secretive : Reliably close mouthed, maintain privacy in all affairs of life

675. Secrets divulges : Revealing secrets which are of confidential nature

676. Self control : Strong will power and are able to exercise control over their emotions and actions

677. Self deception : Deceiving oneself, mislead to do something due to one’s own illusion

678. Self denial : Forbearing to gratify ones own appetite and desires

679. Self esteem : Good opinion on oneself

680. Self indulgence : Undue gratification of ones own appetite and desires

681. Self torture : Inflicting punishment to oneself for the sin feel he had committed

682. Selfishness : Self centered person care for no one but only own

683. Selflessness : Concerned about others rather than one self

684. Senses : Good power of perception & reasoning that even slightest change in their surrounding is immediately felt

685. Sensitive : Most trifling ailment will upset him to such an extend that it cannot be tolerated

686. Sensual : Indulging in sensual activities, lewd and voluptuous

687. Sentimental : Heart rule over the brain, attitude based on feeling or emotions rather than reasons

688. Serene : Calmness of mind and kindly disposed towards everyone although he might be suffering from serious problem

689. Serious : Grave in disposition or manner not in happy mood

690. Servants desire to have : Desire to have some one to help

691. Service : Always depended on others opinion, no complaint

692. Sexual excess : Mental complaint arising after excessive indulgence in sex

693. Shameless : A voluntary act by which exposing body, lack of modesty and decency

694. Shy : Avoiding observation by others , tendency to keep way

695. Sighing : Exhale audible long deep breath as in grief or to express pain

696. Singing : Marked desire to sing continually even during severe illness

697. Sitting inclination to : Inclination to sit irrespective of his surrounding even though there is no seat available

698. Size incorrect judgment of : Incorrect assessment of size, gravity of situation or problem

699. Slander disposition to : Formulating false stories in order to impair public reputation of others

700. Slovenly : Habitually careless about their looks even though financially sound

701. Slowness : Inability to perform any work with fast or normal speed

702. Sluggishness : Disinclination to activity, mentally dull with poor understanding inability to do anything

703. Sly : Inclined to cheat , committing fraud and give false witness in court

704. Smaller thing appear : Everything appear smaller to him

705. Smiling : To express pleasure always

706. Snappish : Speaking curtly. They are tense worried overworked angry person uttering sharp words

707. Snarling : Barking or growling like a dog

708. Sneering at every one : Facial contortions that expression contemptuousness to every one

709. Snub : Ignoring or behaving coldly towards others in a sarcastic manner

710. Sobbing : Weep with audible convulsive catches of breath

711. Soberness : Straight forward, earnest in their dealings and manners

712. Sociability : Fitted for companion ship

713. Solemn : Does not like to deviate from norms

714. Solitude : A desire for loneliness, do not like to mingle with society

715. Somber everything that is : Not satisfies, everything seems to be in a blue condition

716. Somnambulism : An action performed while sleep, not able to recall later

717. Sopor : Deep stupid sleep

718. Sorrowful : Sadness expressing sorrow

719. Spaced out feeling : Stupefaction of mind, empty feeling

720. Spineless : No courage or dare to do anything

721. Spiteful : Petty unwanted annoyance, other person feel offended

722. Spitting : Impulse to spit in face of people – an involuntary action

723. Spoiled children : Conduct disorder , children had over indulged or pampered

724. Spoonerism : Transposition of initial sounds of spoken words

725. Spying everything : Investigate secretly

726. Squandering : Spend money unwisely, unwanted purchase, worthless investments

727. Stage fright : Anticipation on stage, in presence of people

728. Staring : Look fixedly with wide open eyes, totally blank

729. Starting : Wake suddenly from sleep

730. Stating : Very difficult to narrate her complaints

731. Stereotypic : A conventional or traditional idea, no sense of creativity and apprehensive to try out anything new

732. Strange things impulse to do : Wants to unusual things not done by anybody before

733. Stranger sensation : Feeling of one self to b a stranger may occur after high fever

734. Strength increased mental : Mentally strong enough to sustain & withstand stress and strain

735. Stressed : Affected by strain, pressure or force

736. Striking : Touching something with a speed of force, like an accident which may draw attention of others

737. Stubborn : Obstinate, admen to his thoughts and actions

738. Studying difficult : Dull sluggish and lack concentration

739. Stunned : Lose consciousness due to sudden event or news

740. Stupefaction : Astonished and being amazed

741. Stupidity : Unintelligent behaviour, they are intellectually dull and not doing such act deliberately

742. Succeed never : Very hard working person met with repeated failures, now he feel that he will never succeed

743. Suggestions will not receive : Unwillingness to accept advices, they never follow other people suggestions even though it is for their own good

744. Suicidal disposition : Intentionally killing one self

745. Sulky : Silent inactive and unsocial attitude in dejected persons. He will talk only to the extend of his purpose served

746. Sullen : Gloomy and oppressed after being offended

747. Summing up difficult : Very weak in mathematics

748. Superstitious : Old unreasonable obsolete beliefs which cause dread and fear

749. Susceptible : Oversensitive people affected and influenced by deep emotions or any external factor

750. Suspense : Creating a type of anxiety or anticipation

751. Suspicious : Distrustful people always suspecting a wrong being done to them, without sufficient evidence or proof

752. Swearing : After heated exchange make an oath to inflict a doom or misfortune on other Person

753. Swooning fits : Sudden fits or faintness

754. Sympathetic : Friendly sensitivity to other's emotions, even to those who are not very close to him

755. Taciturn : A gloomy person wants to be left alone

756. Talented : Special aptitude

757. Talkative : Disposition to enjoy conversation to n unlimited end

758. Talk alone when : Talk to themselves either about their anxieties and fears even though there is no one around

759. Talk desire to some one : An intense desire to talk to some one for self satisfaction

760. Tearing : A destructive tendency to destroy things by tearing them

761. Teasing : To irritate for the purpose of provocation

762. Temerity : Over confident & rash

763. Tenderness : Warm friendly affectionate people

764. Testament : Refuse to make a written document

765. Theorizing : Makes many plans without any head or tale

766. Thinking aversion to : Lazy and indolent people dislike to think on any aspect

767. Threatening : A disposition to utter threat even on petty matters

768. Throwing things around : Tendency to throw things in anger

769. Thunderstorm : All the mental complaints and sufferings increase before or during a thunderstorm

770. Ticklishness : Titillating or stir up to pleasure

771. Tics : Gestures or convulsive motions of certain muscles

772. Tidy : Fastidious neat clean and orderly people

773. Time fritters away : Wasting time without having any purpose

774. Timidity : Shrinking from public attention, fear of facing a person or situation

775. Tipsy : Stupefaction of mind

776. Tolerant : Power to bear anything calmly and cannot be easily provoked

777. Tormenting : To put extreme pain anguish and distress to those around him with his minor complaint

778. Torpor : A state of mental or physical inactivity with sluggishness and stagnation of functions

779. Torturing : Threatening and tormenting

780. Trance : A detachment from physical surroundings. Observed when a person totally absorbed in deep concentration especially when listening to music with eyes close and meditating

781. Tranquility : Peaceful, calm and undisturbed mind

782. Trapped : Delusion or feeling of being trapped

783. Trauma mental : Symptoms arising after mentally injured or emotionally disturbed

784. Traveling : Cosmopolitan, feeling of satisfaction by traveling

785. Tribadism : Homosexuality

786. Tricky : Inclined to cheat and committing fraud

787. Trifles : A thing of little value given too much importance

788. Truth telling the plain : They prefer not to lie even if beneficial, come forward and admit their faults

789. Twilight agg : Mental symptoms are aggravated during the faint light- before sunrise and after sunset

790. Un attractive things seems : Every thing look un attractive , lacking beauty and charm

791. Unconsciousness : Un aware of his surroundings

792. Understanding not : Unable to comprehend fully

793. Undignified : They have low self esteem and undertake things without dignity – not given the respect they might deserve.

794. Unfeeling : Hard hearted having no sympathy

795. Unfortunate feels : A feeling of ill fated unsuccessfulness, devoid of have blessing from God

796. Unfriendly humor : Not kind or favorable

797. Un gracious : Lacking social grace, unpleasant & wicked

798. Ungrateful : Never appreciate what others are done for him and do not express their gratitude

799. Unification : A brotherhood feeling

800. Un observing : Lack of observation or failure to notice

801. Un real everything seems : Lacking in truth, whatever visible to him feel unreal

802. Un reasonable : Immoderate and make absurd demands

803. Un reliable : Not to trusted or relied upon

804. Untidy : Very careless about their dress, work or ideas

805. Unworthy : Not conforming to the standards

806. Up heave : A type of excitement in which he rise upwards

807. Usurer : One who lend money in illegal & fraud way

808. Vacillations : Inability to take stands and fluctuate in their opinion

809. Vanity : Always pre occupied with their appearance achievements and belongings

810. Veneration : Deep respect, showing respect excessively

811. Verify everything : OCN, checking everything frequently

812. Verses : Habit of representing thoughts and desires in a poetical manner

813. Vexation : Disturbed and un easy person may feel the smallest occurrences troublesome and annoying. They feel angry or harassed on little matters

814. Vindictive : Inclined to seek revenge when hurt or insulted

815. Vivacious : Full of life animation, enthusiasm & spirit even if faced difficulties

816. Vulnerable : Susceptible to attack emotionally

817. Wailing : To protest by making high pitched prolonged sound suggestive of a cry

818. Wandering : Traveling here and there aimlessly

819. Watched : Observant and vigilant person always being very alert

820. Wearisome : Causing mental or physical fatigue

821. Weary of life : Due to frequent set back in life, mentally and physically fed up with life with no desire to survive as life is felt as a burden

822. Weeping : To express grief or anguish by tears

823. Whimpering : Soft intermittent crying

824. Whimsical : Un predictable erratic mood or actions. He will not listen to any one and will not budge an inch from his thought

825. Whining : A prolonged high pitched cry usually expressing a distress

826. Whistling : A disposition to produce sound like whistling in musical minded or light hearted

827. Wicked disposition : Evil in principles and practice

828. Wild feeling in the head : Turmoil, wild type of impulses rendering a person not amenable to human habitation

829. Wildness : Rough personalities with irregularity of manners and ungovernable emotions

830. Will full : Obstinate and head strong

831. Will contradiction of : Lack of coordination in the desires and execution of these desires by body parts

832. Willy : Cheating and deceitful

833. Witty : Power to amuse and express quickly

834. Woman mannish : Woman who have desire to dress and behave like a man

835. Work av to mental : settled dislike for any sort of mental work

836. Worry : Painful or apprehensive uneasiness

837. Wretched : Miserable, marked or affected by un happiness and sorrow

838. Wrong everything seems : A false sort of felling where he declare everything wrong or it appears wrong to him. Are dissatisfied and make life miserable to others also

839. Yielding : Very flexible and adjustable. Agree to demands made by others, even if they want to do otherwise

840. Zealous : Enthusiastic devoted person in pursuit of perfection

REFERENCES

Frederik Schroyence : Repertorium Homoeopathicum Syntheticum

Kent.J.T : Repertory To the Homoeopathic Materia medica

Kent.J.T : Lectures on homoeopathic materia medica

Dockx & Kockelenberg : Comparative repertory to Homoeopathic MM

Agarwall ML : Key to the Rubrics of mind

Faroke J Master : Perceiving the rubrics of mind

Webster : International Dictionary

Chamberline : 20th century dictionary

Niraja Ahuja : A short text book of psychiatry

Stedman : Medical dictionary

Ramakrishna pillai : English Malayalam dictionary

Gallawardin : The psychism and Homoeopathy

Vithoulkas : The essence of homoeopathic materia medica

Rajan sankaran : The spirit of homoeopathy.

Bakshi : Manual of Psychiatry

The Inner Preparation of a Homoeopath - Amit Sahani

2009-03-09T04:40:00.000-07:00

The Inner Preparation of a Homoeopath

- Amit Sahani

When a person graduates in this unique system of medicine, and comes out in the field of practice, the problem he comes across is lack of experience. The tough examinations that he has gone through and the amount of preparation and efforts he has put into for getting that degree seems to go down to the drains.

The preparation that he undergoes and the knowledge is all useless if he cannot take up the challenge of relieving the suffering humanity of all its pains. And yet the person is not ready to accept his failure, because keeping in consideration the amount of hard work that is involved, he cannot believe in his failures. So, what are the causes of his failure? Is it there any fault in the education system that has to do anything with his failures? Well it is a stage too early to arrive at such a conclusion. Reforms in the educational system are always welcome but it is not the only thing to be blamed. The attitude of the physician has also a role to play in this. The conceptual portion of this healing art must be first understood and this is the sole guide to preparation of a good Homoeopath. Going through the Materia Medica and being well versed with the symptoms of the medicines is not enough to be confident prescriber. He must understand the conceptual aspect and the other guidelines required for correct prescription. And these guidelines will only guide him in the prognosis of the disease and the way it should be handled at its different stages. Then he can unearth the disease and understand the hidden causes and only then the knowledge of medicines will help him cure. Medicines are only the tools or instruments of cure and consist of the practical part of the therapeutic art. It too has been constructed only with the guidelines laid down in the conceptual part of this system. So, can we ever dream of prescribing without the knowledge of this conceptual part of Homoeopathy. The prescription should also hold on the golden rule of considering the unity of body and mind. In the 4th edition of his Organon of Medicine, Hahnemann writes “The organism is indeed the material machine to the life, but it is not conceivable without the animation imparted to it by the instinctively perceiving and regulating vital force, and the vital force is not conceivable without the organism, consequently the two together constitute a unity, although in thought our mind separates this unity into two distinct ideas, for the sake of facilitating the apprehension of it.” When these principles of homoeopathy are not inculcated by its practitioners then it is the system as a whole which suffers the brunt of these unqualified physicians and result in what is called emasculated homoeopathy by Stuart Close. According to him, “An emasculated homoeopathy is an impotent homoeopathy, without the virility necessary to maintain or reproduce itself. Some short sighted, superficial and weak kneed individuals, actuated by their prejudices, or through their failure to comprehend the subject as a whole, have adopted an emasculated homoeopathy for themselves and attempted to support their crippled eunuch as a candidate for general acceptance. Within its sphere homoeopathy is entirely adequate to meet all its own problems in its own way, when it is practiced in its purity and entirety. But homoeopathy will fail if it is forced outside or beyond its real sphere, or if it is perverted and emasculated.”

Homoeopathy is not a philosophy, but a method: yet it has a philosophy, and it is important that it should be clear and sound, and in harmony with the best thought of our time. So, it is the meeting of the idealism with the reality. There should not be any conflict of idealism and reality, because if there is such a state of chaos then there cannot be harmony in the practice. But how can one expect such a state of harmony? Such a state of harmony can be there if the person keeps all other motives, other than the motive of healing at a distance and do not let it affect them. This requires healing of the physician themselves of their perverted thoughts and idealism before they set out to actually cure their patient. A Spartan mindset should be there in accordance with the philosophy of Homoeopathy. The indoctrination of the thoughts and principles of the system should be done for the disciples who want to practice a system, which is a novice in itself.

First and foremost, the determination, which should be reflected in the attitude of the physician, should be there. They should be able to take up with ease the most trouble some of the cases and create confidence among their patient. They should also be able to realize that the ideas and philosophy of our masters were not churned out in a day. It required the tolls of their sweat and heavy work, which could not be attained in a short span of time without much effort. They should come up to terms that this divine healing art require the sole attention of the person who wants to adopt it. According to H. A. Roberts, “One of the first essentials, now that we are convinced of his unselfish desire to serve, is to determine that he has stability. If he mercurial in temperament, easily influenced, and finds it difficult to hold a straight course, always seeking the easiest way, do not encourage him to study Homoeopathy.”

He should be detached from all the success and failures that come in his way of his career. He should treat both of them equally and never carried away with the emotions that come in way. He should approach each new case without prejudice from his experience of success and failures. His prescription should be solely based on his knowledge of the subject,

The physician should be modest in his approach to the patient so that he gains the confidence of his physician and should be able to yield to him all his problems without any inhibitions. The patient should be able to reveal the dark side of him that is bothering him and should be able to submit himself to knowledge of his physician. But this is not always the case. The patient should feel the warmth of his doctor on his first visit itself and this cannot be made to feel by external appearance of the physician or the bigger clinics. This warmth is reflected in the confidence of the physician but, this should never be overconfidence. The physician should never be rejuvenated by his success or depressed by his failures. He should leave his success behind and not let it speak it over his knowledge. Such things can be very fatal for a physician. This will inflate the ego of the physician and deflate his knowledge and wisdom. There has to be a sense of detachment from all these events and then only he can strive for better results in his practice.

If his success influences him, he will strive for it and may get misled on the path of momentary relief to seek instant recognition at the level of those elite physicians. But this practice will be detrimental to him in the course of his career and will be branded a failure. H. A. Roberts writes “The decision lies with the individual, and what he is determined to secure from his life work. If it is financial ambition, he had better not take up homoeopathy. Homoeopathy is a principle, and principles brook no division of loyalty. If he has at the heart the desire to serve, he may find fame and riches at his door as well as that keen satisfaction of knowing that he has brought to his clientele the gift of healing in the safest, gentlest and most rapid manner.”

Taking Symptoms for Repertorization and Learning the Criteria for Underlining -by George Vithoulkas

2009-03-09T04:34:00.000-07:00

Taking Symptoms for Repertorization and Learning the Criteria for Underlining

The Third Dimension in Homeopathic Prescribing
by George Vithoulkas

One can usually never find the remedy in a case when one simply looks at the totality of the symptoms in a flat way, without making an evaluation of them. Every case has some depth, has individuality, has peculiarity but most of all a center of action. To find out these factors I would ask my students: "Tell me what is the most important thing that you saw in that patient?" They would then tell me what impressed them the most, such as, "I felt there was so much grief in that person's life, or, his face was so vacant looking." This, then, is the information that has to be underlined three times.

Then other symptoms need to be underlined twice, or there may be some which are not strongly expressed by the patient and will need only one underline. The same is true when I am taking a case. "What are the symptoms that are expressed with the greatest intensity and how are these symptoms being expressed." Sometimes important symptoms can be hidden, as when a person withholds information because he or she fears ridicule as a mental case.

Perceiving this hesitation is crucial, as one has to assure the patient they will not be judged, and have a safe and supportive environment in which to speak freely. These difficult-to-express symptoms are often the center of the case. Once put into the language of the repertory they become strong, unusual and clear symptoms that will help to solve a case. In this way one can come to an authentic evaluation of the symptoms and build a three-dimensional understanding of the illness.

The Vithoulkas Expert System (VES) software program
is based on this same three-dimensional idea. It is programmed to search for the same three-dimensional picture of each case that is fed into it. If the symptom is underlined three times it tells the computer to take this symptom strongly into consideration and give a high value to the remedies that also are listed as three points for that symptom. The remedies listed as "two" and "one" underline will be given lower confidence scores for that symptom. In effect, if you tell the computer to look for Mount Everest by describing the most characteristic trait of its height then it will come up with "this is a picture of Mount Everest" and not "this could be any mountain in the Himalayas."

The program will also give stronger values to remedies in small rubrics. Therefore if we tell the computer to look for a tall, thin, black-haired man with a white beard it will find him, because although the "tall" and "thin" give some help, the black hair and white beard is strongly characteristic.

Now if this man has one blue eye and the other brown then this becomes a super characteristic symptom and it is a real keynote, which will be of immense help in finding this "remedy" in the program. So this is the type of information we must try to put into the computer for each case so that it has an opportunity to "think" of all the possibilities and come up with suggestions not possible in a regular flat repertory process.

This program works best when underlining is done according to the severity and frequency of the symptom. One underline means a symptom happens sometimes and with not much severity. Two underlines mean the symptom is either severe or frequent but not both. Three underlines mean the symptom is both severe and frequent. Four underlines mean the symptom is very severe and very frequent. Other criteria that influence underlining are clear mental symptoms, peculiar symptoms, strong general symptoms, clear and strong modalities, causation symptoms, spontaneous symptoms or clear symptoms. One or two additional underlines can be given if one or more of these criteria exist for a symptom, and definitely one is encouraged to repertorize these symptoms first.

Once you have made a decision on the underlining, then you can take a look at the remedies in that rubric. It is better not to look at the remedies first because there is a tendency to choose the underlining that fits the remedy you want to give. The whole exercise is to get a second opinion from the computer, based on facts, and then seriously consider the insights given to you. This is how you will make a breakthrough in your prescribing habits and discover prescriptions you never considered before.

First scan the rubric, look at its size and what degrees the remedies are in. If there are any remedies that are in bold capitals and underlined, it means this remedy is listed as four underlines. This is significant, and a special mental note should be made to check out if the patient is needing this remedy. This is especially true if you have underlined that symptom four times in your cases notes.

Find the rubric, "fear of thunderstorms" and you will see Phosphorus listed as four underlines. Next look at the remedies written in capitals, which is the designation for three underlines. Again ask questions to see if the patient could require one of these remedies.

These remedies are more significant if you have underlined that symptom three times. Last of all, look at the remedies written in italics for the first letter designating two underlines and the plain type remedies as one underline. It is especially important to look at the remedies with two and one underlines if you have not been able to confirm a common or polycrest remedy. For example, I had a case of a patient who experienced a rejection in a relationship. For months after she could not get out of a severe depression from this experience. I gave her the common remedies for grief and abandonment with no success.

Then one night she called me to say she had some severe vomiting, diarrhea and weakness. In the rubric: forsaken feeling, I saw Camphor listed with one underline and then I asked her if she was cold or warm. She said: "I am cold to touch but I want to lie on the cold bathroom floor." I knew I had found her remedy for the grief and that remedy for the acute symptoms. Within an hour she was feeling better. This case illustrates how valuable the remedies listed as a "one" or "two" can be, especially if they are mental symptoms. There are often too many remedies listed for common symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea and weakness.

A symptom can also be taken for repertorization by clicking on 1, 2, 3, or 4 on the icon bar. This can be used to save time if you know exactly which rubric you want to use and you are not interested in looking at the remedies of the rubric.

Another method of taking symptoms is to click on the File icon to the right of the magnifying glass. Here you can choose the intensity, the qualification and the group you want it to be in. The number of clipboards you would like each symptom to be in can be chosen from the screen. Move the cursor to the rubric you want and then type: (+1, 2, 3 or 4)

While taking a case, I usually start to repertorize when I have two symptoms that I can rely upon to give useful information. For example, a child has an ear infection and has a very irritable temperament. Even without a repertory the remedy Chamomile is an obvious possibility, but in order to keep the case open and one's mind flexible to other choices, it is a good idea to repertorize these two symptoms and then ask questions to rule out all the possibilities. The idea is to add one distinct, clear and definite symptom at a time and see the effect it makes on the analysis. Then one can ask confirming questions as the recommendations are made by the computer. It is better to ask for at least three confirming symptoms for each possible remedy, as this will allow a remedy to be more fairly considered. If the patient is missing one or two keynotes for a remedy it does not necessarily rule out that particular remedy possibility as it may be the remedy with the highest confidence and the simillimum.

Preferably one will ask these confirming questions in a way that does not lead the patient to know what you are looking for. Therefore, if one wants to know if a patient has a strong thirst for water it is better to ask: "Most likely you don't like to drink very much?" If he responds with "No, I really do in fact like to drink a lot," then it is more certain the person does, in fact, have a strong thirst. If thequestion had been asked: "So I suppose you really have a strong thirst?" and answers: "Yes, I suppose I do", then you cannot be as sure he has given accurate information. Perhaps he is just telling you what you want to hear to please you.

It is also a good idea to check if the factual symptoms you are using for repertorization are in actuality as certain, frequent and severe as you had previously thought. To create greater certainty one can ask about the symptom again in another way, such as: "How many drinks do you take between meals?" In some cases I have missed giving the correct remedy on the first prescription because I did not interpret their remarks with enough accuracy and therefore the underlining was inaccurate or biased to what I wanted it to be.

The Unspoken Language…..- Dr. Ajit Kulkarni

2009-03-09T04:28:00.000-07:00

The Unspoken Language…..

- Dr. Ajit Kulkarni

“Emotional feelings, instead of finding expression and discharge in the symbolic use of words and appropriate behavior must be conceived as being translated into a kind of “organ language.” - Past Maclean, M.D.

1. A. Introduction

Body language is all around us. It is a fascinating subject and a thrilling experience - to observe the motion of the ‘intelligent’ body and to analyze the context in which it is represented. Body language plays a significant role in oral communication. It is powerful and indispensable and now it has become a household word due to its popularity and utility.

The human being is the highly evolved perfect design of nature. His spoken language is the most prized possession, but his silence is no less precious. Hence it is said that “Speech is great, but silence is greater.” It is through communication that a human being SHARES and the body, synchronizing with the sub-conscious mind, gives off very sublet signs through choreography without the use of words. ‘Communication is like a dance,’ states Condon, ‘with everyone engaged in intricate and shared movements across many subtle dimensions, yet all strangely oblivious that they are doing so.’ The wise body opens its gate to an astute observer to fathom inner feelings, emotions, attitudes and ideas.

It is believed that a charming person has a pleasant voice, a dynamic person has a vibrant voice and a confident person an assured voice. Body language is often regarded as a secondary product and its value is underestimated. However, it could be primary, it could project even before words have taken their shape and it could be the only language through which a patient can express himself. The body language is not merely a physical manifestation of the spoken words, but, in fact, it has its own independent interpretation of the feelings, irrespective of the meanings and the spoken words being delivered therein.

1. B. The Dimensions of Body Language

Our bodies are ambassadors of our inner self. They convey more than our tongues. Research has shown that 35% of the messages are carried verbally, while 65% are conveyed non – verbally (Birdwhistell). Mehrabian put forward that communication is 7% verbal, 38% vocal and 55% non-verbal. The truth is that more communication takes place by the use of gestures, postures, position and distance than by any other way.

A human being communicates through verbal and non-verbal language. Exchange of words refers to verbal communication while non-verbal communication refers to all external stimuli other than spoken or written words and includes :-

1. Bodily gestures

2. Postures

3. Facial expressions

4. Personal appearance

5. Eye contact

6. modulations in voice and

7. The use of space and distancing.

Our bodies are rarely still. Our feet, hands, eyes and heads are moving all the time. Our expressions change. We pull faces, rub our noses, run our hands through our hair and do all sorts of things which, when taken in isolation, seem very odd. However, what is happening is quite straightforward - our bodies are ‘talking’. We can guard our tongues- but not so easily shut off our body language.

Body language and kinesics are based on the behavioral patterns of non - verbal communication. Although a developing science, kinesics has added a new dimension to human understanding. Sigmund Freud observed, “He that has eyes to see and ears to hear may convince himself that no mortal can keep a secret. If his lips are silent, he chats with his fingertips; betrayal oozes out of him at every pore.”

1. C. Our Bodies, Emotions and Modern Life

Emotions are basic to human beings. Being emotional is a part of being human. A human being has a rich vocabulary of emotion cues showing how he feels about himself and others. In the realm of emotions, the cues are usually unintentional, involuntary and unconscious. Body language and emotions are almost inseparable as body movement is central to emotional expressiveness. The intensity of emotions charges the non-verbal brain to dictate its commands; the body obediently follows the commands and presents its choreography on the screen.

In view of accelerated tempo of life, the modern man has to face with a pronounced exposure of emotional stress. Today the modern man has become a speed merchant, driving the motor of his life. Chronic time shortage, changing patterns of activity, greater load of information and more active interpersonal relationships - have affected the verbal communication. The need to pay attention to non-verbal one has, hence, considerably increased. One of the major aspects of Body Language is the expression of emotions. Emotions refer to such states as happiness, depression and anxiety, and milder ‘moods’ such as feelings of pleasure and displeasure, varying degrees of excitement or drowsiness, and the arousal and satisfaction of hunger, sex and other drives. There are three components in each case: a physiological state, a subjective experience, and a pattern of non-verbal signals - in the face, voice and other areas.

Emotions are recognized from a whole pattern of non-verbal signals, which are usually consistent with each other and with the expectations created by the context. They provide information about intensity, and about the tense versus the relaxed dimension. A tense person sits or stands rigidly, upright or leaning forward, often with hands clasped together, legs crossed, and muscles tense. In such a case, the hands and feet display the emotions while the face tries to conceal.

Infants have their own ‘language’ to express their emotions and moods. A mother recognizes when her child is happy through facial gestures such as bright eyes, bulging (smiling) cheeks, giggles, squeaks and belly-laughs accompanied by joyful sound (monosyllabic). Whereas, when a child is sick, his mouth is twisted into a grimace, cheeks droop and he utters grunts and growls.

2. A. Elements of visible code:

The elements which are visually perceived and which perform role in communication are collectively termed as “visible code”.

Personal Appearance: Everyone wants to be “in the eye of the beholder.” Everyone is concerned with first impression. Every person has its own aura that vibrates, that pervades, that permeates and that renders its unique message to the outer world.

One’s appearance may put the others into a resistant or even a hostile attitude or induce in them a receptive mood. A physician has to understand how his patient reacts to him: positively, negatively or neutrally. The patient’s appearance and clothing need careful observation. Dirty look, crumpled clothing suggests alcoholism, drug addiction, depression, dementia, schizophrenia etc. Manic patients may wear bright colors, incongruous styles of dress or appear poorly groomed.

Six elements are considered in personal appearance: Clothes, Footwear, Hairstyle, Ornaments, Make-up and Aromas.

Posture: Refers to the way one stands, sits and walks. The movement of the body, the position of hands and legs and other parts of the body reveal individual’s personality-whether he is vibrant, alive and dynamic, nervous and jittery, confident and self-assured, etc. The posture of sitting may exude an air of optimism, or despondency or be indicative of a sense of failure or of inattentiveness. Walking posture may convey whether a person is confident, energetic, withdrawn, diffident or nervous.

Gestures: A gesture is a sign, signal or cue used to communicate in tandem with, or apart from, words. A gesture is the verbal or non-verbal body movement used to express or emphasize an idea, an emotion, or a state of mind. Gesture is defined as ‘visible’ bodily action by which meaning is represented (Kendon, 1983). Each gesture is like a word in a language.

Gestures play a significant role in making the communication effective. A well-timed gesture can drive a point home. Similarly playing with a ring, twisting a key-chain, or clasping one’s hand tightly robs a speaker of the effectiveness of his communication. Sometimes gestures render elementary and short messages such as “yes”, “no”, “come here”, “go there”, “be silent”, etc. However, all oral communications are accompanied by gestures such as shrugging of the shoulders, flourish of the hands, movement of head, etc. In fact, without the accompanying gestures it would be difficult to speak. These gestures add a greater value to what is being said besides exercising a more powerful impact.

Facial Expressions: “Face is the mirror of life.” Our face -

a. defines our identity;

b. expresses our attitudes, opinions, and moods; and

c. shows how we relate to others. A face is every human’s visual trade mark, and is therefore, the most photographed part of the human body. Emotionally, the face is mightier than the word. So closely is emotion tied to facial expression that it is hard to imagine one without the other.

Our face is exquisitely expressive. Its features are incredibly mobile, more so than any other primate. A smile (friendliness), a frown (discontent), raising the eyebrows (disbelief), or tightening the jaw muscles (antagonism) can add to the meaning being conveyed through verbal means.

A wooden expression on the face may prejudice the listeners and it could also be an expression of parkinsonism, schizophrenia or depression; brightness in the eyes may keep their interest sustained and evoke an enthusiastic response. Biting the lips, blinking the eyes or raising the eyebrows at regular intervals often mar the smooth flow of communication. Anxious patients generally have horizontal creases on forehead, raised eyebrows, widened palpebral fissures and dilated pupils.

Eye Contact: Eyes reveal a great deal about our emotions, convictions and moods. Hess (1975) observes that the eyes give the most revealing and accurate of all human communication signals because they are a focal point of the body and the pupils work independently. Whiteside (1975) describes the eyes as ‘the windows of your soul..... and the mirrors of your heart...... and the gauges showing fleeting feelings and changes.’ One can see the anatomical importance of the eye as “an extension of the brain.” Gazing at another’s eyes arouses strong emotions. ‘The eye can threaten like a loaded and levelled gun; or can insult like hissing and kicking; or in its altered mood by breams and kindness, make the heart dance with joy’ (Emerson).

The eyes can be steely, knowing, mocking, piercing, shifting..... They can level a ‘burning’ glance or a ‘cold’ glance or ‘hurt’ glance or again, they can be wise, knowing, inviting, scary, disinterested, and so on.

Space and Distancing: A fascinating area in the non-verbal world of Body Language is that of spatial relationships or proxemics - the study of people’s appreciation and use of space. Each person maintains a personal territory around himself. He normally does not allow it to be invaded at the time of communication. This has reference also to ‘standing-seated position.’ Space distancing differs from culture to culture, from individual to individual. The amount of space a person needs is determined by his personality.

It is important to observe the way a patient sits in the chair. A puffy, egoistic person having lust for power is not happy with one chair. He may occupy more space by extending his arms. On the other hand, a shy and reserved patient occupies himself in less space.

Modulations of voice: Tone of voice reflects psychological arousal. Speech is an indispensable means for sharing ideas, feelings, and observations and for conversing about the past and future. A significant number of voice qualities are universal across all human cultures.

a) Interpretation of voice

l Speaking loudly and rapidly = Anger or lack of interest in the other person’s

view. The speaker has run out of the logical support for his view.

l Clear controlled steady voice = Confidence

l Lively, bouncy, well modulated speech= Enthusiasm. Politeness.

l Lowered volume, reduced pitch, rate and intonation = Negative attitude.

Nervousness

l To mumble or gabble = Excitement. Fear

l Hesitation = Lower confidence

l Crying, Moaning and Sighing = Sighing. Silent grief. Complaining nature

l Hiss and boo = Disapproval

l The softer pitch = Friendship

b) Reading mind through laugh

Human laughter varies greatly in form, duration and loudness. One can ‘read’ laughter from the sounds that ensue.

‘Ha-Ha’ is laughter that is genuine, coming straight from the heart. It expresses pure joy and self-fulfillment.

‘He-He’ is mocking laugh, usually issuing from a condescending remark or a joke about a person.

‘Hee-Hee’ suggests a secret giggle or a snigger that is emitted when a person is being cynical or spiteful.

‘Ho-Ho’ communicates surprise, even disbelief, by a person who is critical, protesting, or challenging.

c) Speech and psychiatric illness

Speech may be fast, as in mania or slow, as in depression. Depressed patients may pause for a long time before replying to questions and may then give short answers, producing little spontaneous speech; the same among shy people or low intelligence patients. Sudden interruptions may indicate thought blocking or may be effects of distraction. Rapid shifts from one topic to another suggest flight of ideas, while general diffuseness and lack of logical thread may indicate thought characteristic of schizophrenia.

2. B. Basic modes

John Mole (1999) gives graphic description of the four basic modes of Body Language.

There are 4 basic modes- Open, Closed, Forward and Back. In Open mode gestures indicate ‘open’ attitudes - open palms, open arms, open body; (no physical gestures like crossed arms or crossed legs) and face-to face interaction. Extroverted persons show this mode more. In Closed category fall the most obvious gestures and postures, like crossed arms, crossed legs, body turned away. Introverts fall here more. Forward mode involves postures that indicate activity in communication. Leaning forward, strong eye-to-eye contact, pointing the finger emphatically, loud voice etc. In Back category we find leaning-back postures, staring at the ceiling, doodling, or cleaning one’ s glasses, signalling whether the person is passively absorbing or ignoring the message.

There are four combinations of posture groups in four basic modes. The Responsive mode (Between Open and Forward), The Reflective mode (Between Open and Back), The Fugitive mode (Between Closed and Back) and The Fugitive mode (Between Closed and Back).

If a homoeopath keeps in mind these basic modes and apply them correctly, it is easy to understand the utility of body language. The remedies could be categorized for the sake of their application. But one must understand that the mode of a patient must be the crucial factor, it must define the personality, it must explore the inner self in an unambiguous and convincing way

2. C. Decoding nonverbal messages: some examples

Lifting one eyebrow: disbelief, shock, surprise, feeling of moral/value assault on them, judgement (of a person, what they said, or the situation they find themselves in)

Pointing the finger: emphasis, attacking, assaulting the other person, aggressive move, wants to control the situation between the two people, arrogant, i know more/better than you do

Singing a song / tune: distraction / music--nervousness, unable to relax, feels out of place or not part of what is going on, outside the clique

Enlarging the eyeballs: astonishment-- shock, surprise, feeling of moral/value assault on them

Rubbing the nose: puzzlement, wanting time to think or feel more about it, buying time to search for the answer they don't have at the moment

Shrug the shoulders: indifference--i don't care, it's not my responsibility (issue or event that is being discussed or that the person finds herself/himself in), detachment (healthy type in that you know it's not your business to stick your nose in, or you should not be involved because it isn't wise/healthy to do so), understanding whatever is the issue/event, it is not mine to get involved with (this is a double-sided comment. If the person is healthy, they realize they shouldn't be involved. However, if the person is co-dependent/victim personality, they may do this to escape or get out from beneath a controlling/abusive individual/situation).

Tapping of fingers: impatience, hurry up!

Body in motion: anti-rest, nervous (legs crossed, flicking foot back and forth as an example), restless (doesn't want to sit still for one of a thousand reasons), escape! (Person may feel inadequate, threatened, fears the other individual)

It is important to note that a single gesture may convey many meanings. It is necessary to interpret the gesture in the context of the totality of data and individuality of the patient.

3. A. Body language and Homoeopathy

Homoeopathy recognizes a man as the multi-dimensional, composite entity where mind,

body and spirit are viewed upon through indivisibility. The study of a human being in totality involves paying attention to both verbal and non-verbal communication. It is not always that the patient will speak with a physician in a ‘free’ way. Patient’s nature, his dispositions, his composure, the frame of reference (the environment in which setting physician ↔ patient interaction takes place), the experiences in the life of a patient etc. have a role to play in communication block.

3. B. Homoeopathic Interview

Imagine conducting an interview with a patient behind a two-way a mirror. We wouldn’t have the benefit of responding to their facial expressions and would feel quite unnerved by the experience. Every little frown or smile gives us the caution or confidence to make our next statement and it is a sublime skill which every human being has developed since childhood. In other words, if we do not look at the Body Language and take on interview only through verbal exchange, such an interview would be a dry one. Somehow, the feeling will be that there is no life or soul in the interview.

Homoeopathic interrogation is an intricate and complex process of making our patients talk; for, the aim is not only to come out with a nosological diagnosis but to understand the patient through his emotions, intellectual faculties, delusions, dreams, life-space account and the kinesics of the patient which add flavor to each response of the patient.

3. C. Resemblances between Homoeopathy and Body Language

When I compare the two fields of body language and homoeopathy, I am astonished to find some striking resemblances.

The concept of totality – One of the warning signals of body language is that it must not be interpreted in isolation. It must be studied in clusters. In homoeopathy also one must study on the basis of totality and not on fragmentary data.

The Man behind sickness – It is the Man who moves the body. The whole process of interpretation of body language revolves around the man; homoeopathy too advocates the same principle.

Commonality – In homoeopathy data commonality is a universal feature, so also in body language. What is important in both fields is to look for individualistic symptoms / gestures.

Contradictoriness – Often the gestures and verbal language do not go harmoniously and in homoeopathy too, anomalies or contradictory symptoms are presented by a patient.

Judgment – Judgment plays a pivotal role in both – the study of body language and homoeopathy. The caution is that one must avoid going for prejudgment. One must judge only after gesture – cluster / totality have been perceived.

Perceptive field – The whole process of homoeopathic interrogation and patient’s observation of visible code is through sharpening of the awareness by relying on facts.

Analytical process – Both body language and homoeopathy extensively utilizes the analytical process in order to derive a concrete reality.

From ‘gestures’ / symptoms to a ‘person’ – Just as the symptoms are external manifestations of an internal malady, body language core elements exhibit the internal man which one has to explore.

The phenomenological concept – In phenomenon we discuss cause ---- effect relationship, chronological sequence, origin, zenith and nadir under time-space continuum. Both body language and homoeopathy utilize the phenomenological concept.

3. D. Utility of Body Language for a Homoeopath

The utility of body language is tremendous for a homoeopath. If verbal language offers only 35 % communication, a homoeopath is at 65 % loss if he pays no attention to the non-verbal communication. Body language is a bridge between mind and body and when a person becomes sick, he represents the sickness through his unique body language. The essence of the sick individual can be understood through the cluster of gestures and postures, being represented consistently. Body language has a definitive place in homoeopathy and has a tremendous potential in redefining the concept of totality.

One-sided diseases.

Psychiatric difficulties.

Semantic difficulties.

Pediatrics cases.

Contradictory / ill-defined data.

Deaf, dumb, imbecile cases.

Clinical diagnosis of a case

Understanding ‘inner’ personality in a better way.

Evaluating mental expressions, dispositions and mental state.

Giving gradation to mental symptoms by appreciating the associated body language.

Enriching and simplifying the intricate study of Materia Medica and Repertory.

Explaining the rubrics with the help of body language.

Living Materia Medica - adding ‘life’ in the drugs

Body language serves to act as a facilitator in conversation.

Body language may unlock the issue under exploration and may unlock, thus, the entire case too.

Saves the valuable time.

3. E. Homoeopathic Materia Medica and Body language

The study of Materia Medica encompasses within its domain the study of a human being in totality. It encompasses the study of perceiving MAN in all of its fields, ramifications, and through all angles possible. The study of a human being can’t be a dry subject because human personality is multi-dimensional, manifold, sensitive, vibrant and gives out through so many colours and hues that his study becomes a highly fascinating one.

Each remedy is a wealth of thousands of symptoms, and there are thousands of remedies which, taken together, represent the enormous gamut of human suffering. The thousands of symptoms at emotional, intellectual and physical levels, the clinical information that flows, allow us, with the utilization of various faculties, to regard each homoeopathic remedy, at least the polychrest variety, as a full-blown human being. This is the concept of ‘living’ Materia Medica. The remedy talks, vibrates, throbs, and shows all human emotions.

Within the span of 200 years enormous work has been added from various sources. Apart from clinically verified data which now outweigh the proving data, we find additions coming from physical appearance (make-up), attire, craving for a particular object, color or issue, linking of gestures which has been observed by a physician in his clinic and the behavioural responses which our patients (their counterpart drugs also) exhibit and the research in various fields which is occurring by leaps and bounds is utilized.

3. F. Linking Remedies with Basic Modes

Some polychrest remedies are presented below by linking their dispositional characters with the basic modes of body language.

Some drugs of Materia Medica are presented through the study of Body Language. ‘The core rubrics which define the personality of a remedy’ are regarded as parameters to link Body Language. The unifying principle that binds the components of a remedy together is the base as also the pattern of energy fundamental to that specific remedy to understand the body language.

3. G. Linking personality of drugs to Body Language

1. Platina: The core issues concern impression, beauty, sexuality and projecting the self. The energy is utilized for the same and the body assumes the role of showing off.

a) High self image / superiority / Egoistic / Pride: Head high with chin pointing upwards. Look is contemptuous. Legs are crossed and arms folded with erect posture. Giving jerks to neck with eye to eye contact for that moment.

b) Disdain / Arrogance: Contemptuous upward movement of neck with head high and eye-brows raised.

c) Gayness / Beauty consciousness: Appearance - excessive use of ornaments; make-up and dressing, sense of expensive type. Showy type. Also gaudy. Constantly taking care of make-up and hair-style. Hair - style of modern type and usually not suitable to the age of patient.

d) Nymphomania: Sexual eyes. Making lascivious gestures. Looking through. Too much learning forward and blinking of eyes. Kissing, embracing and sexual positions.

2. Lycopodium: Inflated ego, need of more space, more power, taking hold of the situation, encroachment on others and manipulation are the core issues. The inner weakness also gets reflected in body language.

a) Confidence, want of: Eye to eye contact less. Fingers on mouth frequently.

b) Haughty: Eye-brows raised with head tilt back. Blinking. Looking up while answering.

c) Contradiction is intolerant of and anger <>

d) Dictatorial: Chin upwards with head backwards. Good eye to ye contact occurs but direct piercing book. Blinking over sensitive issues. Leaning backwards, with one ankle resting on other knee. Commanding voice.

e) Anticipatory anxiety: In waiting chamber: Restlessness. Constantly asking questions to a receptionist. Punctual of time.

f) Boasting: Hands behind head. Head high. Steeping gestures.

g) Superiority complex: Standing up-right, sitting with arms spread apart on chair, hands behind neck, eyebrows, raised, loud, dictatorial voice.

h) Lies, inclination to tell: Touching nose with hand especially at the end of sentence with poor eye to eye contact and robbing of eyes.

i) Malicious: Raising of eye-brow with side glances especially when talking about the person concerned.

3. Lachesis: Tremendous energy. The emotions are at high pitch and must be ventilated. The body synchronizes with the energy and more choreography is represented.

a) Suspicion: Failing to make eye to eye contact. Glancing sideways. Rubbing or touching nose. Frequent cleansing of glasses.

b) Dictatorial: Proud erect body stance with chin forwards. Leaning back with hand behind head. Resting feet on desk. Continued eye contact with less blinking. Stands with erect body and legs apart. While sitting one ankle is resting on the other knee. While answering frequently pointing index finger.

c) Excited: Excessive forward leaning. Dilated pupils. Voice loud and bouncing.

d) Anger-violent: Flushed face. Pointing fingers while talking. Dilated pupils. Anger usually associated with abusive language. Body rigid. Fists clenched. Lips closed and held in a light thin line. Body in motion due to intense emotional energy.

e) Sarcastic: While answering smiling from one corner and raising of eye-brows. Arguing with the physician, aiming to discourage him by certain words.

f) Inquisitive (Children): Constantly asking number of questions. Flash-bulb type of eyes. Handling and desire to know the working mechanism of toys or instruments present over desk.

g) Aggressive: Leaning forward. Finger pointing. Fists clenched. Talks with loud voice as if not interested in other’s view. Encroaches upon others.

h) Loquacity: Jumping from one point to other without head or tail. Voice loud and bouncy. Suffocating other during talk.

i) Exaggerated / Over-enthusiastic: Constantly moving hands while expressing enthusiastic complaints. Appearance - dark. Make-up with use of fluorescent colors in dressing and showy (unsuitable to the age).

4. A. Some suggestions for physicians

Are you sending the right signals? Just making a few subtle changes can have a significant impact on how you are perceived by others. Create a lasting impression and win peoples respect and trust for a lifetime.

Simply, be ‘open.’ Be aware of your own body posture. Discover how people truly feel about you.

Do not cross arms in front of you, or cross your legs away from the person you are talking with.

Maintain eye contact. Glance away periodically to prevent intimidation but not at crucial moments. Converse at patient’s eye level.

‘Touch.’ It helps patient know that you view them as ‘people.’ A pat on the back, a light touch on the shoulder can be reassuring to patients. But beware of its universal application.

‘Barriers.’ Masks, safety glasses, gloves, bibs etc. Communicate ‘barrier free’ with the patient.

‘Facial expressions.’ Openness, smile, eagerness, interest yet serious and sincere.

‘Tone of voice.’ Polite tone. Speak slowly, articulately. Proper enunciation and pronunciation of words.

‘Body Movements.’ Avoid excessive, repeated movements of body, legs, hands, fingers etc.

The FIRST person you need to impact with positive Body Language is not others, but YOURSELF.

4. B. Epilogue

Both nature and nurture (e.g. culture) play a role in body language. Hence ‘movements’ need interpretation. They are highly unique, succinct and individual. They deal with nuance, with feeling, with degree. One has to recognize them. ‘All movements of the body have meaning. None is accidental.’ The specific meaning of body movement may be different from person to person. Sometimes body language may not coincide with verbal language. The interpretation requires high skill and perspective vision. Hence, it is always better to see the body language in conjunction with verbal language and not in isolation; together they comprise a dual dialogue. If they match and are consistent with each other, they strengthen and underscore the meaning.

One swallow doesn’t make a summer and one body language signal doesn’t necessarily make a message. It is estimated that humans are capable of producing more than 650,0000 nonverbal signals. Body language is full of ambiguities. To have clarity, one must focus on the cluster of signals and upon those signals that are persistent, pervasive, repeated and characteristic. The words (i.e. verbal language) themselves are produced by articulated body movements of the vocal tract is also a point to be noted.

Body language opens up new vistas of perceptions heretofore unexplored. The language of symbols, the language of universal symbolism is blended with holistic philosophy of homoeopathy and a homoeopathic physician will miss a lot if he neglects the important information flowing from the cluster of symbols, signs and cues. Hence the issue of ‘non-verbal consciousness’ has a great scope in homoeopathic practice. It is a peep-hole into patient’s hidden conflicts and feelings and will certainly help a homoeopath in knowing an elusive and indefinable mind. The concept of totality which is central to homoeopathic prescribing will be redefined if we include appropriate appreciation of body language. At the same time, a homoeopath must know its limitations and he should be wary of its exclusive clinical application. Body language must be interpreted in reference to the situation, the context, and the culture of the people involved and there can be variations.